LEARNINGS FROM SPECTRAL GR MEASUREMENTS FROM LWD AND FROM CUTTINGS IN HIGH AND LOW ANGLE WELLS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Azizi Ibrahim ◽  
◽  
Faisal Al-Enezi ◽  
Marie Van Steene ◽  
Alan Fernandes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Potassium Feldspar ◽  
Heavy Minerals ◽  
High Angle ◽  
Volume Calculation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Depth Control ◽  
Good Agreement

Spectral gamma-ray (SGR) data were acquired from a new slim logging-while-drilling (LWD) tool and from surface cuttings in a near vertical well and in a horizontal well across clastic deposits. Comparison of the data from both measurements indicates that there are advantages from both methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) data from cuttings also support the findings. The formation evaluation objective is to quantify the volumes of each mineral and fluid present in the formation. SGR data brings the required additional information to reduce the mineral volume uncertainty, especially for the clays in the formation with complex mineral assemblages. In the studied clastic deposits, several clay types are present (with the dominant contribution from illite and kaolinite) together with feldspars and trace elements like zircon and other heavy minerals. The presence of gas introduces another unknown, since it affects the porosity measurements and fluid volume calculation through bulk density and neutron porosity. The comparison of SGR data from LWD logs and from cuttings brings robustness to our conclusions. Comparison of the thorium, potassium, and uranium concentrations from LWD logs and from cuttings shows good agreement in the measurements for the low-angle well. The high-angle well data also shows good agreement between the two measurements except for the cleaner sand section. The results from the cuttings are affected by the accuracy of sample depth control due to the poor borehole conditions and inefficiency in evacuating cuttings in high-angle wells compared to low-angle wells. The trend of the SGR is maintained. The LWD SGR elemental concentrations are then used to solve the formation mineral fractions, which are compared with the same fractions from the XRD on cuttings. Similar conclusions are drawn for the elemental concentrations. The potassium concentration enables the quantification of illite and potassium feldspar. Uranium brings a significant contribution to the total GR measurement, which could lead to a clay volume overestimation if the uranium contributions weren’t excluded. In conclusion, LWD provides superior quality SGR data compared with SGR from cuttings because of the better depth control and vertical resolution. SGR on cuttings can be an alternative when combined with other LWD measurements and accepting a higher uncertainty, in case LWD SGR cannot be run due to certain borehole conditions. This paper compares the results of a slim tool LWD and cuttings SGR data for the first time and concludes on the applicability of each technique.

scholarly journals High-angle electron diffraction of frozen hydrated collagen

1976 ◽  
Vol 153 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
H Chanzy ◽  
J M Franc ◽  
D Herbage
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Electron Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Collagen Fibrils ◽  
Diffraction Experiment ◽  
High Angle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Good Agreement

By using the techniques developed by Taylor et al. [(1975) J. Mol. Biol. 92, 165-167] (freezing of the hydrated specimen before its insertion into the electron microscope and keeping it frozen throughout the diffraction experiment), it was possible to obtain a high-angle electron-diffraction pattern from collagen fibrils. This pattern is in good agreement with that obtained by high-angle X-ray diffraction. Electron diffraction will be very useful to study collagen, because the diffraction pattern from a carefully selected area of one fibril is now feasible.

scholarly journals Theoretical and experimental determination of mass attenuation coefficients of lead-based ceramics and their comparison with simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 142-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Vejdani-Noghreiyan ◽  
Elham Aliakbari ◽  
Atiyeh Ebrahimi-Khankook ◽  
Mahdi Ghasemifard
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Mass Attenuation Coefficient ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Attenuation Coefficients ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
Theoretical Results ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Mass Attenuation

Mass attenuation coefficient of lead-based ceramics have been measured by experimental methods and compared with theoretical and Monte Carlo simulation results. Lead-based ceramics were prepared using mixed oxide method and the X-ray diffraction analysis was done to evaluate the crystal structure of the produced handmade ceramics. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical and simulation results. However at two gamma ray energies, small differences between experimental and theoretical results have been observed. By adding other additives to ceramics and observing the changes in the shielding properties such as flexibility, one can synthesize and optimize ceramics as a neutron shield.

THE LONG-TERM OPTICAL VARIABILITY PROPERTIES OF GAMMA-RAY BLAZAR 3C 273

2006 ◽  
Vol 15 (02) ◽  
pp. 261-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
BEN-ZHONG DAI ◽  
BIN-KAI ZHANG ◽  
YANG XIANG ◽  
JIAN-PING YANG ◽  
LIN LIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Function ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optical Variability ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Self Consistent ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Quasar 3C 273 ◽  
Good Agreement

We compile all the available optical B band data for the quasar 3C 273 from 1887 to 2001 from the literature, and obtain 1,890 data points. Using these data, we analyze the light curve properties by means of the Jurkevich method and the discrete correlation function (DCF) method. The analysis results of the two methods are self consistent; the cross-checked variability period is 13.51 years. The 13.51-year period variation in the optical band is in good agreement with the previous results in the optical and X-ray bands. However, the other claimed periods of the quasar 3C 273 are not confirmed in our work.

Microtubule nucleation sequence studied by time-resolved x-ray scattering and electron microscopy

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 766-767
Author(s):  
Eva-Maria Mandelkow ◽  
Eckhard Mandelkow ◽  
Joan Bordas
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
X Ray Scattering ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Microtubule Growth ◽  
Ray Patterns ◽  
Ray Scattering

When a solution of microtubule protein is changed from non-polymerising to polymerising conditions (e.g. by temperature jump or mixing with GTP) there is a series of structural transitions preceding microtubule growth. These have been detected by time-resolved X-ray scattering using synchrotron radiation, and they may be classified into pre-nucleation and nucleation events. X-ray patterns are good indicators for the average behavior of the particles in solution, but they are difficult to interpret unless additional information on their structure is available. We therefore studied the assembly process by electron microscopy under conditions approaching those of the X-ray experiment. There are two difficulties in the EM approach: One is that the particles important for assembly are usually small and not very regular and therefore tend to be overlooked. Secondly EM specimens require low concentrations which favor disassembly of the particles one wants to observe since there is a dynamic equilibrium between polymers and subunits.

Removing Substrate Background in TEM Microanalysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 568-569
Author(s):  
John C. Russ ◽  
Nicholas C. Barbi
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Rapid Growth ◽  
Organic Film ◽  
Absolute Concentration ◽  
Background Signal ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
The Continuum

The rapid growth of interest in attaching energy-dispersive x-ray analysis systems to transmission electron microscopes has centered largely on microanalysis of biological specimens. These are frequently either embedded in plastic or supported by an organic film, which is of great importance as regards stability under the beam since it provides thermal and electrical conductivity from the specimen to the grid.Unfortunately, the supporting medium also produces continuum x-radiation or Bremsstrahlung, which is added to the x-ray spectrum from the sample. It is not difficult to separate the characteristic peaks from the elements in the specimen from the total continuum background, but sometimes it is also necessary to separate the continuum due to the sample from that due to the support. For instance, it is possible to compute relative elemental concentrations in the sample, without standards, based on the relative net characteristic elemental intensities without regard to background; but to calculate absolute concentration, it is necessary to use the background signal itself as a measure of the total excited specimen mass.

Comparison of high-angle take-off and low-angle take-off EDX detector geometry of the HF-2000 FE-TEM

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 252-253
Author(s):  
Y. Sato ◽  
T. Hashimoto ◽  
M. Ichihashi ◽  
Y. Ueki ◽  
K. Hirose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Field Emission ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
X Rays ◽  
High Angle ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Detector Geometry

Analytical TEMs have two variations in x-ray detector geometry, high and low angle take off. The high take off angle is advantageous for accuracy of quantitative analysis, because the x rays are less absorbed when they go through the sample. The low take off angle geometry enables better sensitivity because of larger detector solid angle.Hitachi HF-2000 cold field emission TEM has two versions; high angle take off and low angle take off. The former allows an energy dispersive x-ray detector above the objective lens. The latter allows the detector beside the objective lens. The x-ray take off angle is 68° for the high take off angle with the specimen held at right angles to the beam, and 22° for the low angle take off. The solid angle is 0.037 sr for the high angle take off, and 0.12 sr for the low angle take off, using a 30 mm2 detector.

FLASH X-RAY DEVICES FOR PUMPING NUCLEAR MATERIALS DEVELOPED IN THE GAMMA-RAY LASER PROGRAM AT TEXAS

1987 ◽  
Vol 48 (C9) ◽  
pp. C9-367-C9-370
Author(s):  
C. B. COLLINS ◽  
F. DAVANLOO ◽  
T. S. BOWEN ◽  
J. J. COOGAN
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Nuclear Materials ◽  
X Ray

Localization of calcium and zinc in the sperm storage tubules of chicken, quail and turkey using X-ray microanalysis

Reproduction ◽  
2000 ◽  
pp. 331-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Holm ◽  
H Ekwall ◽  
GJ Wishart ◽  
Y Ridderstrale
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Sperm Storage ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Elemental Concentrations ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Intracellular Content ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Sperm Storage Tubules ◽  
Scanning Electron

Sperm storage tubules from the utero-vaginal junction of chickens, quails and turkeys were analysed for calcium and zinc using X-ray microanalysis of ultra-rapidly frozen tissue in a scanning electron microscope. This technique enabled the tubular fluid surrounding the stored spermatozoa and the intracellular content of the cells of the sperm storage tubules to be analysed separately and, by using standards with known concentrations, their elemental concentrations were estimated. The mean (+/- SEM) concentration of calcium in the tubular fluid from chickens, quails and turkeys was 17 +/- 3, 19 +/- 3 and 17 +/- 4 mmol kg(-1) wet weight, respectively. The intracellular calcium concentration of the cells of the tubules did not differ significantly from these values and was also similar in the mucosal epithelial cells of the utero-vaginal junction. Zinc was localized in the cells of turkey sperm storage tubules and tubular fluid, but at low concentrations. No zinc could be detected in corresponding structures from chickens and quails. The concentration of calcium in the tubular fluid is within the range known to inhibit the motility of spermatozoa, supporting this function for calcium during storage. Zinc is known to depress turkey sperm metabolism and it may also be involved in inducing quiescence of spermatozoa during storage in this species.

Digital pulse processor for spectrometry of charged particles, neutrons, x-ray, and gamma-ray

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
A.I. Arkhangelsky ◽  
◽  
Yu.D. Kotov ◽  
P.Yu. Chistiakov ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Charged Particles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Digital Pulse

Atomic Layer Deposition of LiF and Lithium Ion Conducting (AlF3)(LiF)x Alloys Using Trimethylaluminum, Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide and Hydrogen Fluoride

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Younghee Lee ◽  
Daniela M. Piper ◽  
Andrew S. Cavanagh ◽  
Matthias J. Young ◽  
Se-Hee Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Atomic Layer ◽  
Mass Gain ◽  
Alloy Film ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Layer Deposition ◽  
Ion Conducting ◽  
Good Agreement

<div>Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of LiF and lithium ion conducting (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloys was developed using trimethylaluminum, lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) and hydrogen fluoride derived from HF-pyridine solution. ALD of LiF was studied using in situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and in situ quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) at reaction temperatures between 125°C and 250°C. A mass gain per cycle of 12 ng/(cm<sup>2</sup> cycle) was obtained from QCM measurements at 150°C and decreased at higher temperatures. QMS detected FSi(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> as a reaction byproduct instead of HMDS at 150°C. LiF ALD showed self-limiting behavior. Ex situ measurements using X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) showed a growth rate of 0.5-0.6 Å/cycle, in good agreement with the in situ QCM measurements.</div><div>ALD of lithium ion conducting (AlF3)(LiF)x alloys was also demonstrated using in situ QCM and in situ QMS at reaction temperatures at 150°C A mass gain per sequence of 22 ng/(cm<sup>2</sup> cycle) was obtained from QCM measurements at 150°C. Ex situ measurements using XRR and SE showed a linear growth rate of 0.9 Å/sequence, in good agreement with the in situ QCM measurements. Stoichiometry between AlF<sub>3</sub> and LiF by QCM experiment was calculated to 1:2.8. XPS showed LiF film consist of lithium and fluorine. XPS also showed (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)x alloy consists of aluminum, lithium and fluorine. Carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen impurities were both below the detection limit of XPS. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) observed that LiF and (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film have crystalline structures. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ionic chromatography revealed atomic ratio of Li:F=1:1.1 and Al:Li:F=1:2.7: 5.4 for (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film. These atomic ratios were consistent with the calculation from QCM experiments. Finally, lithium ion conductivity (AlF<sub>3</sub>)(LiF)<sub>x</sub> alloy film was measured as σ = 7.5 × 10<sup>-6</sup> S/cm.</div>

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