scholarly journals The ‘Unknown Arts’ of Ancient America: Challenging Classical Art Canons in 19th-Century France The Reception of Pre-Columbian Art before the Primitivist and Surrealist Avant-gardes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Stüssi Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
19Th Century France ◽  
The 19Th Century

Pre-Columbian artefacts have been collected and exhibited in Europe since the 16th century. For a long time, they were considered exotic curiosities, ‘grotesque’ attempts at art by inferior peoples. This was a judgement stemming from a Eurocentric definition of art and, during the 19th century, indissociable from colonial and imperialist ideology. We present some views held in scholarly circles about pre-Columbian art in nineteenth-century France and focus on two artists, Jean Frédéric de Waldeck (1766-1875) and Emile Soldi (1846-1906), who drew from contemporary ethnographic and archaeological research, and pre-Columbian history to challenge the limits of academicism and the Beaux-Arts system.

scholarly journals Rozwód Georges’a Du Roy w Bel-Ami Guy de Maupassanta w kontekście zmian we francuskim ustawodawstwie rozwodowym drugiej połowy XIX wieku

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-210
Author(s):  
Alicja Bańczyk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Law And Literature ◽  
Final Outcome ◽  
Guy De Maupassant ◽  
Revolutionary Change ◽  
Divorce Law ◽  
Nineteenth Century France ◽  
Eighteenth And Nineteenth Centuries ◽  
The 19Th Century

Wpisując się w aktualny ruch prawniczy i literacki, artykuł skupia się na literackim przedstawieniu zmian w postępowaniu rozwodowym w dziewiętnastowiecznej Francji na podstawie powieści Guy de Maupassanta Bel-Ami. Napisana w 1885 roku książka w bardzo realis-tyczny sposób przedstawia proces rozwodowy oparty na winie, tak jak wyglądał on w momencie jej powstania. We wstępie pokrótce omawiam ewolucję francuskiego postępowaniarozwodowego w XVIII i XIX wieku i jego końcowy rezultat: legalizację rozwodu wprowadzoną w 1884 roku. Artykuł podejmuje próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, ta rewolucyjna zmiana prawa rozwodowego wpłynęła na treść powieści i sposób, w jaki Guy de Maupassant przedstawił zakończenie małżeństwa, a także próbę zweryfikowania, czy ten obraz odzwierciedla ówczesną rzeczywistość prawną. Georges du Roy’s Divorce in Guy de Maupassant Novel Bel-Ami in the Context of French Divorce Legislation Changes in the Second Half of the 19th Century Fitting into the current law and literature movement, the article focuses on the literary depiction of changes within divorce proceedings in nineteenth-century France based on Guy de Maupassant’s novel Bel-Ami. Written in 1885, the book depicts, in a highly realistic manner, fault-based divorce proceedings at the time of its creation. In the introduction, I briefly touch upon the evolution of the French divorce proceedings throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and its final outcome: the legalisation of a dissolution of marriage in 1884. The article attempts to answer the question how that revolutionary change of the divorce law influenced the novel’s content and how Guy de Maupassant depicted the dissolution of marriage in his work, and to verify if this depiction reflects legal reality.

THE IDEA OF «COMMUNITY» IN THE GOVERNMENT CONCEPTS OF GALICIA OF THE XIX – BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Liubomyr Ilyn
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Legal Studies ◽  
Legal Principle ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right ◽  
The 19Th Century

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to analyze and systematize the views of social and political thinkers of Galicia in the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries. on the right and manner of organizing a nation-state as a cathedral. Method. The methodology includes a set of general scientific, special legal, special historical and philosophical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as the principles of objectivity, historicism, systematic and comprehensive. The problem-chronological approach made it possible to identify the main stages of the evolution of the content of the idea of catholicity in Galicia's legal thought of the 19th century. Results. It is established that the idea of catholicity, which was borrowed from church terminology, during the nineteenth century. acquired clear legal and philosophical features that turned it into an effective principle of achieving state unity and integrity. For the Ukrainian statesmen of the 19th century. the idea of catholicity became fundamental in view of the separation of Ukrainians between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires. The idea of unity of Ukrainians of Galicia and the Dnieper region, formulated for the first time by the members of the Russian Trinity, underwent a long evolution and received theoretical reflection in the work of Bachynsky's «Ukraine irredenta». It is established that catholicity should be understood as a legal principle, according to which decisions are made in dialogue, by consensus, and thus able to satisfy the absolute majority of citizens of the state. For Galician Ukrainians, the principle of unity in the nineteenth century. implemented through the prism of «state» and «international» approaches. Scientific novelty. The main stages of formation and development of the idea of catholicity in the views of social and political figures of Halychyna of the XIX – beginning of the XX centuries are highlighted in the work. and highlighting the distinctive features of «national statehood» that they promoted and understood as possible in the process of unification of Ukrainian lands into one state. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further historical and legal studies, preparation of special courses.

Kontrast und Wissen

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-102
Author(s):  
Robin Rehm
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Specific Knowledge ◽  
Max Scheler ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Black Circle ◽  
Black Cross ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
And Function ◽  
The 19Th Century

Kasimir Malewitschs suprematistische Hauptwerke ›Schwarzes Quadrat‹, ›Schwarzer Kreis‹ und ›Schwarzes Kreuz‹ von 1915 setzen sich aus schwarzen Formen auf weißem Grund zusammen. Der Typus des Schwarzweißbildes weist überraschende Parallelen zu den bildlichen Wahrnehmungsinstrumenten auf, die vom ausgehenden 18. bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in den Experimenten der Farbenlehre, physiologischen Optik und Psychologie verwendet worden sind. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht diese Parallelen in drei Schritten: Zunächst erfolgt eine allgemeine Charakterisierung des Schwarzweißbildes mit Hilfe des Kontrastbegriffs von Edmund Husserl. Des weiteren wird die Entstehung und Funktion des schwarzweißen Kontrastbildes in den Wissenschaften des 19. Jahrhunderts typologisch herausgearbeitet. Unter Berücksichtigung des Wissensbegriffs von Max Scheler wird abschließend die Spezifik des Wissens eruiert, das die Schwarzweißbilder sowohl in der Malerei Malewitschs als auch in den genannten Wissenschaften generieren. Malevich’s main Suprematist works, such as ›Black Square‹, ›Black Circle‹, and ›Black Cross‹ from 1915, consist of black shapes on white ground. Surprisingly this series of shapes strongly resembles scientific black-and-white images used for research on colour theory, physiological optics, and psychology throughout the 19th century. This paper examines the parallels between Malevich’s paintings and the scientific drawings in three steps: It first characterizes black-and-white images in general, using Edmund Husserl’s definition of the term ›contrast‹. Secondly, the paper investigates the development and function of black-and-white images as tools of perception in the sciences. It finally discusses the specific knowledge generated through Malevich’s art and through scientific black-and-white images, following Max Scheler’s phenomenological identification of knowledge.

Origine et diffusion des expressions romanes du type jaune paille

2021 ◽  
Vol 133 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Sara Matrisciano ◽  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Short Discussion ◽  
Colour Term ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
And Diffusion

All major Romance languages have patterns of the type jaune paille for expressing shades of colour represented by some prototypical object. The first constituent of this pattern is a colour term, while the second one designates a prototypical representative of the colour shade. The present paper starts with a short discussion of the controversial grammatical status of this pattern and its constituents. Its main aim, however, concerns the origin and diffusion of this pattern. We have not found hard and fast evidence that Medieval Italian pigment compounds of the type verderame influenced the rise of the jaune paille pattern, which first appears in French in the 16th century. This pattern continued to be a minority solution during the 17th century, but established itself during the 18th century. In the 19th century, Italian, Spanish and Portuguese adopted the pattern jaune paille, while it did not reach Catalan and Romanian before the 20th century.

Liability of minors in russian criminal law practice XVIII — first half of XIX century

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-3) ◽  
pp. 242-249
Author(s):  
Alexander Sergeev ◽  
Ekaterina Bratukhina ◽  
Irina Kushova ◽  
Dmitriy Ovsyukov
Keyword(s):  
Juvenile Offenders ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Historical Aspects ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the historical aspects of the evolution of the legislative definition of the age of onset of criminal responsibility and the specifics of sentencing juvenile offenders in the 18th and first half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Nauka sztuki kupieckiej w Krakowie XVI–XIX wieku. Zarys problemu

2019 ◽  
pp. 7-20
Author(s):  
Marcin Gadocha
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Foster Parents ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is a survey and an attempt to bring closer the questions connected with the education of future tradesmen in Cracow from the 16th century until the first half of the 19th century. Thus far, there has been no thorough study devoted to this topic. In the 16th century, young adepts of trade would start learning this occupation in their father’s business, further family’s business or in the dynamically developing trading houses in Cracow. In the 16th c. and 17th c. there was no merchants’ guild in Cracow, which could oversee the process of learning the “art of trade”. Only the establishment of the Merchants’ Congregation in 1722 brought about changes in this respect. Ultimately, in the new statute of the Congregation from 1833, the new principles of training were formulated. Candidates had to present their birth certificate, the recommending certificate written by their parents or foster parents. Moreover, the candidate had to be able to read, write and calculate in Polish or German. Learning took three years in the 16th and 17th centuries; in the 18th century this period was prolonged, in the 19th century lasted from 4 to 6 years. According to the author, the problem still requires further in-depth research. After the archival query, it seems that there are good possibilities to obtain valuable material connected with mercantile art in Cracow.

scholarly journals On the high scientific quality of early research on strain and deformation fabrics (1835–1908)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-216
Author(s):  
Pablo J. Torres Carbonell
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Strain Analysis ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Scientific Quality ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Strain Ellipsoid ◽  
The Difference ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. High-quality research developed during the 19th century established the foundations of rock strain investigations. Careful observation and description of rock fabrics and deformed objects in rocks allowed early researchers to obtain mathematical expressions that are still used today to quantify strain. Thus, in a span of a few decades, and applying basic scientific methodology, these researchers developed the concept of the strain ellipsoid, defined mathematically the difference between constant-volume and volume-loss deformation, constructed the basic equations that define pure and simple shear deformation, and discovered the mechanism of pressure–solution deformation. These advances were fundamental to seminal works on strain analysis and deformation fabrics in the mid-20th century. However, they are rarely addressed in modern studies, which suggests a lack of awareness among current researchers. In order to bring attention to these landmarks of strain research, I provide a historical review of the high standards of analysis that led to the definition of the fundamental equations and concepts on strain during the 19th century.

scholarly journals SOCIOCULTURAL SPLIT AND RADICALIZATION OF SOCIETY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-293
Author(s):  
Natal'ya Savchuk
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the causes of the sociocultural contradictions that led to the radicalization of society and the emergence of terrorist revolutionary organizations in the second half of the 19th century. The social structure of society is considered. The danger of underestimating society propaganda of extremist ideas of revolutionaries is shown.

scholarly journals Crisis phenomena in Central Asian direction development of Russian foreign trade in the Orenburg direction in the 1st quarter of the 19th century

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-135
Author(s):  
Sergey Valentinovich Lyubichankovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Orenburg Region ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Special Rules ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper contains analysis of development tendencies of the Russian Empire foreign trade with Central Asian khanates in the first quarter of the 19th century. The authors found that the Russian State didnt pay much attention to the Asian customs policy in this direction for a long time. It was due to the fact that the trade with Central Asian khanates was of exchange and caravan character. The author came to the conclusion that the heads of the Orenburg Region - military and civil governors - made great efforts to change that situation and made special rules for the foreign trade development in the Orenburg Region. It promoted commodity turnover increase. The author proved that in the first quarter of the 19th century the most important element of Central Asian trade development crisis in the Orenburg direction was the fact that merchants from Central Asia dominated Russian merchants in the numerical ratio. However, the ministry of finance and E.F. Kankrin refused to forbid Central Asian merchants to trade at internal Russian fairs as it would result in stagnation in trade and would make prices for goods higher. This problem for the first quarter of the 19th century couldnt be solved as it was connected with the geopolitical status quo existing in the region. It only started to get solutions with an active military advance of Russia to Central Asia in the second half of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Recognition of two great contemporaries

Muzikologija ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
Melita Milin
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
Academic Career ◽  
Common Denominator ◽  
Professional Goals ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Common ◽  
The 19Th Century

The common denominator in the careers of two contemporaries and great men, citizens of Austria-Hungary - Leos Jan?cek and Sigmund Freud - was that, in spite of their status as outsiders, they managed to achieve well-deserved recognition. Both non-Germans, they had to surmount a number of obstacles in order to attain their professional goals. The Slavophile Jan?cek dreamed for a long time of success in Prague, which came at last in 1916, two years before a triumph in Vienna. Freud had serious difficulties in his academic career because of the strengthening of racial prejudices and national hatred which were especially marked at the end of the 19th century. After the dissolution of the Empire things changed for the better for the composer, whose works got an excellent reception in Austria and Germany, whereas the psychiatrist had to leave Vienna after the Anschluss.

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