scholarly journals Mathematical Modeling of the Problem of Locating Temporary Accommodation Centers and Assigning Victims After a Possible Earthquake to Safe Places and Solving Using Meta-Heuristic Algorithms

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Farideh Mardaninejad ◽  
Mahin Nastaran
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Allocation ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
The Other ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Earthquake Hazards ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Temporary Accommodation

Introduction: Earthquakes, one of the most important natural disasters of the earth, have always caused irreparable damage to human settlements in short time. One of the most important issues that we face after an earthquake is the transfer of earthquake victims and traumatized civilians to safe places and medical centers. The city of Mashhad with different geographical faults and the presence of enormous religious, cultural, historical and industrial assets make Mashhad the most dangerous city in terms of earthquake hazards. In the 9th district of this city, the existence of worn-out structures along the narrow passages and the importance to save time in providing relief proves the need to locate temporary accommodation centers and allocate the injured to safe places.Material and Methods:The process of optimizing the accommodation of people includes 2 main steps 1) Determining candidate locations for temporary accommodation 2) Optimal allocation of population blocks (origin).The weight of criteria was calculated using the pairwise comparison method. Then suitable places for deployment are identified. Criterion in the form of giving a specific weight to each, in order to prepare the final map, is of importance. Accordingly, the opinions of experts in the field of urban crisis management have been utilized. Subsequently, using GAMS software and 7 super-innovative algorithms such as SA, PSO, ICA, ACO, ABC, FA, LAFA.Results:The average process time and cost of 7 algorithms out of ten random problems with 1000 repetitions, and an average of 10 execution times show, that the 3 algorithms ACO, ABC and LAFA have lower cost and process time than the other meta-innovative algorithms. Therefore, we use the above three algorithms to solve the case studyConclusion: Finally, the LAFA optimization algorithm had obtained a better and more appropriate result due to its execution time and cost being less than the other two algorithms.

Der Erzieher als Manager

2019 ◽  
Vol 95 (4) ◽  
pp. 517-530
Author(s):  
Diana Lohwasser
Keyword(s):  
Educational Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Critical View ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Time Diagnosis

Abstract The Educator as a Manager. A Critical View In the following article tasks and motifs of the educator as manager are described. It is clear that there are other educator metaphors and associated behaviors. To some extent, the actions of the different educator metaphors overlap, but they differ in their purpose and perspective on the educational process and the person to be educated. First, a short time diagnosis is made, which describes the context of this metaphor of the educator as manager. Subsequently, on the one hand, the various motifs, tasks and objectives of an educator as manager are discussed. On the other hand, it is asked if it is possible in the current discourse to take a different perspective on the educational process.

Model and Method for Contributor’s Quality Assessment in Community Image Tagging Systems

2018 ◽  
pp. 45-51
Author(s):  
A. V. Ponomarev
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Preference Relation ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Characteristic Matrix ◽  
Image Tagging ◽  
Proposed Model

Introduction: Large-scale human-computer systems involving people of various skills and motivation into the information processing process are currently used in a wide spectrum of applications. An acute problem in such systems is assessing the expected quality of each contributor; for example, in order to penalize incompetent or inaccurate ones and to promote diligent ones.Purpose: To develop a method of assessing the expected contributor’s quality in community tagging systems. This method should only use generally unreliable and incomplete information provided by contributors (with ground truth tags unknown).Results:A mathematical model is proposed for community image tagging (including the model of a contributor), along with a method of assessing the expected contributor’s quality. The method is based on comparing tag sets provided by different contributors for the same images, being a modification of pairwise comparison method with preference relation replaced by a special domination characteristic. Expected contributors’ quality is evaluated as a positive eigenvector of a pairwise domination characteristic matrix. Community tagging simulation has confirmed that the proposed method allows you to adequately estimate the expected quality of community tagging system contributors (provided that the contributors' behavior fits the proposed model).Practical relevance: The obtained results can be used in the development of systems based on coordinated efforts of community (primarily, community tagging systems). 

scholarly journals Amide-Type Substrates in the Synthesis of N-Protected 1-Aminomethylphosphonium Salts

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 552
Author(s):  
Dominika Kozicka ◽  
Paulina Zieleźny ◽  
Karol Erfurt ◽  
Jakub Adamek
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Work Up

Herein we describe the development and optimization of a two-step procedure for the synthesis of N-protected 1-aminomethylphosphonium salts from imides, amides, carbamates, or lactams. Our “step-by-step” methodology involves the transformation of amide-type substrates to the corresponding hydroxymethyl derivatives, followed by the substitution of the hydroxyl group with a phosphonium moiety. The first step of the described synthesis was conducted based on well-known protocols for hydroxymethylation with formaldehyde or paraformaldehyde. In turn, the second (substitution) stage required optimization studies. In general, reactions of amide, carbamate, and lactam derivatives occurred at a temperature of 70 °C in a relatively short time (1 h). On the other hand, N-hydroxymethylimides reacted with triarylphosphonium salts at a much higher temperature (135 °C) and over longer reaction times (as much as 30 h). However, the proposed strategy is very efficient, especially when NaBr is used as a catalyst. Moreover, a simple work-up procedure involving only crystallization afforded good to excellent yields (up to 99%).

scholarly journals COVID-19: systematic learning across boundaries requires a conceptual agreement

2021 ◽  
pp. 140349482110270
Author(s):  
Knut Ole Sundnes ◽  
Geir Sverre Braut
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
External Validity ◽  
Evaluation Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Early Publication ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
Short Time

The COVID-19 epidemic has revealed a shortage of basic knowledge and understanding of pandemics, especially regarding their dynamics and how to contain them. The results are a host of governments’ decrees and instructions, one replacing the other, often within the same week. It has further, in a truly short time, resulted in an overwhelming number of publications, many of them prioritising early publication over quality. This commentary addresses the concept of structured research related to disasters and how the use of endorsed guidelines will facilitate well-designed evaluation research with improved rigour and external validity, even if applied retrospectively. The outcome should be a solidified knowledge base. Further, the important role of public health efforts is to be highlighted, as their role has proved crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Sustainable Business Model Innovations in the Value Uncaptured Manufacturing Industry: Fitting Gains—Gain Creators

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5647
Author(s):  
Burhan ◽  
Udisubakti Ciptomulyono ◽  
Moses Singgih ◽  
Imam Baihaqi
Keyword(s):  
Business Model ◽  
Environmental Quality ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Value Proposition ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
Sustainability Index ◽  
Index Matrix

Increased manufacturing activity has an impact on environmental quality degradation. Waste generated from manufacturing activities is one of the causes. Previous studies have referred to this waste as value uncaptured. Minimizing value uncaptured is a solution to improve environmental quality. This study aims to reduce value uncaptured by converting it into value captured. This process requires a value proposition design approach because of its advantages. One of the advantages of this approach is that it can improve existing or future products/services. To do so, this research uses a case study of a furniture company. To implement a converting process, a sustainable business model is proposed to solve this problem. This business model combines several methods: value proposition design, house of value and the product sustainability index matrix. Recently, the existing value proposition problem-solving has been using the value proposition design method. This research proposed implementing a house of value to replace the fitting process. The questionnaire is developed to obtain various value uncaptured in the company. To the weight of the value uncaptured, this research utilized the pairwise comparison method. Then, the weights could represent the importance of jobs. Based on the highest weight of these jobs, the alternative gains would be selected. To provide the weight of the gain creators and value captured, the house of value method is developed. Referring to three pillars of sustainability, the value captured should be considered. This research proposed implementing a product sustainability index which in turn produces eco-friendly products. This study produces “eco-friendly products” as sustainability value captured. The sustainability business model could be an alternative policy to minimize the existence of value uncaptured.

Crowdsourcing the Evaluation of Design Concepts With Empathic Priming

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle A. Pang ◽  
Carolyn C. Seepersad
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Primary Study ◽  
Design Concepts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Similar Evaluation ◽  
Insight Into

The evaluation of design concepts is a time consuming and resource intensive process. Crowdsourcing evaluations has been examined in previous work as a means to reduce the need for expert raters, while achieving similar evaluation results. This paper examines the impact of empathically priming novice raters on their evaluation of alternative design concepts. The rating system is based on a pairwise comparison method that requires minimal training of novice raters. In a pilot study the pairwise method for crowdsourcing evaluations is compared with crowdsourced evaluations using non-pairwise rating scales and with the evaluations of expert raters. The primary study incorporates written and empathic priming strategies to determine their impact on novice raters’ evaluation of concepts. Raters are asked to consider several criteria, including novelty, feasibility, clarity (of the concept), usefulness, ease of use, and overall worthiness of further development. Results offer insight into the criteria that are most relevant to novice raters and whether empathic priming has a significant effect on those evaluations.

Discrete Social Spider Algorithm for Solving Traveling Salesman Problem

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150020
Author(s):  
Asieh Khosravanian ◽  
Mohammad Rahmanimanesh ◽  
Parviz Keshavarzi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Discrete Optimization ◽  
Heuristic Algorithms ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Fitness Function ◽  
Traveling Salesman ◽  
The Other ◽  
Discrete Optimization Problem ◽  
Social Spider ◽  
Social Spider Algorithm

The Social Spider Algorithm (SSA) was introduced based on the information-sharing foraging strategy of spiders to solve the continuous optimization problems. SSA was shown to have better performance than the other state-of-the-art meta-heuristic algorithms in terms of best-achieved fitness values, scalability, reliability, and convergence speed. By preserving all strengths and outstanding performance of SSA, we propose a novel algorithm named Discrete Social Spider Algorithm (DSSA), for solving discrete optimization problems by making some modifications to the calculation of distance function, construction of follow position, the movement method, and the fitness function of the original SSA. DSSA is employed to solve the symmetric and asymmetric traveling salesman problems. To prove the effectiveness of DSSA, TSPLIB benchmarks are used, and the results have been compared to the results obtained by six different optimization methods: discrete bat algorithm (IBA), genetic algorithm (GA), an island-based distributed genetic algorithm (IDGA), evolutionary simulated annealing (ESA), discrete imperialist competitive algorithm (DICA) and a discrete firefly algorithm (DFA). The simulation results demonstrate that DSSA outperforms the other techniques. The experimental results show that our method is better than other evolutionary algorithms for solving the TSP problems. DSSA can also be used for any other discrete optimization problem, such as routing problems.

scholarly journals UDDER INFECTION WITH STREPTOCOCCI OF THE SCARLET FEVER TYPE

1928 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. S. Jones ◽  
Ralph B. Little
Keyword(s):  
Scarlet Fever ◽  
Small Town ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Severe Attack ◽  
General Reaction ◽  
Original Process ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Short Time

The clinical and bacteriological findings in two cows the udders of which became infected under natural conditions with hemolytic streptococci of the scarlet fever type are discussed. One of the cows was found in a herd supplying raw milk to a small town where a milkborne outbreak of scarlet fever had occurred a short time before. When small numbers of the streptococcus obtained from this case were injected into the udder of a normal cow severe mastitis accompanied by a well marked general reaction resulted. Evidence leads to the conclusion that a severe attack of mastitis due to this organism in one quarter does not sufficiently immunize the other quarters to protect them completely since the streptococcus can be readily implanted in them. The secondary infections were much milder than the original process.

scholarly journals Insights on the impact of telecommunication companies on the environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-213
Author(s):  
Ioana-Miruna Tătaru ◽  
Elena Fleacă ◽  
Bogdan Fleacă
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Organizational Processes ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Telecommunication Company ◽  
Telecommunication Companies ◽  
The Impact

AbstractTo perform their business operations, telecommunication companies need to consume energy. This paper aims to analyze and compare the energy consumption and their greenhouse gas emissions for there of the biggest telecommunication companies: Vodafone, Orange and Telekom. Although the scientific literature proposed some analysis on the environmental measures that the telecommunication companies have to take, there is a shortage of researchers focused on GRI reporting data and the pairwise comparison method. The authors compared these telecommunication companies’ emissions under the following criteria: energy consumption (GRI 302-1), scope 1 (GRI 305-1), scope 2 (GRI 305-2) and scope 3 (GRI 305-3) greenhouse gas emissions, reduction of emissions (GRI 305-5), using the pairwise comparison method. To reduce their emissions, companies developed a sustainability strategy. This paper will further emphasize what are the plans to reduce emissions for the company which, following the analysis, pollutes the most. To provide an overview of the future of the company which, by the analysis, pollutes the most, the authors have identified and analyzed what are the main actions that the company should take to reduce their impact on the environment. To do so, the authors firstly analyze the causes of the pollution produced by the telecommunication company using Ishikawa diagram. Then, it identifies what are the main organizational processes that can be improved using APQC standardization, to show that the improvement can be made if the organization adjusts their organizational processes. This paper is an enhancement to the studies form the field because it provides a comparative analysis on three of the most competitive telecommunication companies in the world, uses GRI criteria and pairwise comparison method and gives an overview on the next steps for the telecommunication company to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions.

scholarly journals GIS based Flood Vulnerability Studies for Ife Central Local Government Area, Osun State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-171
Author(s):  
V.A. Ijaware
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Flood Hazard ◽  
Pairwise Comparison ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Comparison Method ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Flood Hazards ◽  
Flood Vulnerability

Flood has negatively affected Ife Central Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. This work is aimed at mapping the vulnerability of the area to flood. Its objectives addressed the ranking of various natural and artificial factors causing flood, the determination and delineation of vulnerability to flood in the study area. Using remote sensing and GIS techniques, coordinates of flooded sites were acquired with Global Navigation Satellite System receiver; Landsat 8 data were acquired from the USGS website. To map land use, elevation data were acquired from the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission Digital Elevation Models, soil data was obtained from the Nigerian Geological Survey website, and rainfall data was acquired from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellit. Using Pairwise Comparison, the various weights of factors constituting flood in the area were acquired. Weighted Linear Combination and Analytical Hierarchical Process was used in producing the flood hazard and flood vulnerability maps. ArcGIS 10.2 Software was used in spatial and attribute data acquisition, processing, and information presentation. The Pairwise Comparison method adopted was validated and observed to have a consistency ration of 0.003. Results obtained show that 9.2% of the study area is highly prone to flood hazards 20.4% is prone to flood hazard and 44.3% is moderately prone to flood hazard. The method adopted correctly identifies all existing flood incidence areas within the flood- prone areas in the hazard map. The maps produced will serve as an effective tool to aid the prevention and mitigation of flood disaster in the flood-prone area.

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