MENELISIK HUKUM JUAL BELI KREDIT MELALUI KAJIAN TAFSIR AL-QURAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-79
Author(s):  
Khozainul Ulum
Keyword(s):  
Payment System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Future ◽  
Economic Needs ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Made In

In fulfilling the needs, human beings tend to do various ways and always looking for ease. In the context of the fulfillment of economic needs, for example, not everyone can get easy access to be able to get the needs. The purchasing power of each person always refers to the stability of the amount of income earned every day or every month. Therefore, it is not surprising that payment system in transaction of buying and selling that try to make easy for consumer to get what is wanted, that is credit payment. In Islam, payments in credit transactions are known as nasīah. This paper will trace the arguments of the Quran that are related to the payment of sale and purchase on credit.  From the Quranic interpretation of sura al-Baqarah verse 282 and 283 above with respect to the transaction on credit, it can be summarized as follows. First, the transaction on credit in Islam is not forbidden and not makruh. In other words, it is allowed even though the price of goods sold in credit is more expensive than the price in cash. Second, in a transaction on credit, it is ordered to make record and witness to the requierments and conditions of the transaction. The purpose of these records and testimony is to safeguard the rights of each transactor and to avoid disputes in the future. In this case, ulama have difference on the form of such recording and testimonies. One side believes that the order is obligatory (wajib), and the other side thinks it sunnah. According to me, after seeing the purpose of record and testimony of the above transactions, the record and testimony in the transaction is wajib.Third, transaction made in cash (yadan bi yadin), according to the author, is also required to record and testimony. This is a form of caution, because at the moment there are many disputes in transactions that arise in the community, even though they have done the recording and testimony. Fourth, note of treaty and the receipts included in each transaction at the present have an important meaning to safeguard the rights and obligations of each party conducting the transaction. Moreover, note of treaty and receipt are a valid and concrete evidence explaining the truth of the transaction.

scholarly journals Menelisik Hukum Jual Beli Kredit Melalui Kajian Tafsir Al-Quran

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khozainul Ulum
Keyword(s):  
Payment System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Future ◽  
Economic Needs ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Made In

In fulfilling the needs, human beings tend to do various ways and always looking for ease. In the context of the fulfillment of economic needs, for example, not everyone can get easy access to be able to get the needs. The purchasing power of each person always refers to the stability of the amount of income earned every day or every month. Therefore, it is not surprising that payment system in transaction of buying and selling that try to make easy for consumer to get what is wanted, that is credit payment. In Islam, payments in credit transactions are known as nasīah. This paper will trace the arguments of the Quran that are related to the payment of sale and purchase on credit.  From the Quranic interpretation of sura al-Baqarah verse 282 and 283 above with respect to the transaction on credit, it can be summarized as follows. First, the transaction on credit in Islam is not forbidden and not makruh. In other words, it is allowed even though the price of goods sold in credit is more expensive than the price in cash. Second, in a transaction on credit, it is ordered to make record and witness to the requierments and conditions of the transaction. The purpose of these records and testimony is to safeguard the rights of each transactor and to avoid disputes in the future. In this case, ulama have difference on the form of such recording and testimonies. One side believes that the order is obligatory (wajib), and the other side thinks it sunnah. According to me, after seeing the purpose of record and testimony of the above transactions, the record and testimony in the transaction is wajib.Third, transaction made in cash (yadan bi yadin), according to the author, is also required to record and testimony. This is a form of caution, because at the moment there are many disputes in transactions that arise in the community, even though they have done the recording and testimony. Fourth, note of treaty and the receipts included in each transaction at the present have an important meaning to safeguard the rights and obligations of each party conducting the transaction. Moreover, note of treaty and receipt are a valid and concrete evidence explaining the truth of the transaction. Keywords: Credit Sale, Quranic Interpertation Approach

What Changes in Summer and Autumn 1989?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Elise Sarotte
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
The Other ◽  
Berlin Wall ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The One ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Nondemocratic Regimes

This chapter addresses why November 1989 became the moment that the models for the future were launched. By the night of November 9, five developments had permanently altered the Cold War and produced a causal chain that resulted in the unintentional opening of the Berlin Wall. The nature of this causal chain suggests that theorists of power and theorists of ideas need to pay attention to each other to understand what happened. On the one hand, some developments were based on old-fashioned realist calculations. On the other hand, some developments were ones of attitude rather than capability, of ideas rather than material abilities. In the course of 1989, half of Europe had come to the conclusion that it need not continue to live under nondemocratic regimes in the interest of maintaining the stability of the whole.

The Future of Human Rights: A View from the United Nations

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Gilmour
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
United Nations ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Summit ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Peace And Development ◽  
Made In

Ever since the Charter of the United Nations was signed in 1945, human rights have constituted one of its three pillars, along with peace and development. As noted in a dictum coined during the World Summit of 2005: “There can be no peace without development, no development without peace, and neither without respect for human rights.” But while progress has been made in all three domains, it is with respect to human rights that the organization's performance has experienced some of its greatest shortcomings. Not coincidentally, the human rights pillar receives only a fraction of the resources enjoyed by the other two—a mere 3 percent of the general budget.

Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.14

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
du Plessis Jacques
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Retroactive Effect ◽  
General Proposition ◽  
Contractual Obligations ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Made In ◽  
Do So

This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.14 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the retroactive effect of avoidance of a contract. Under Art 3.2.14, avoidance takes effect retroactively; that is, the contract is regarded as never having existed, and not merely as non-existent from the moment of avoidance. Unfulfilled obligations fall away and performances made in fulfilment of obligations have to be returned, according to Art 3.2.15. However, this is only a general proposition. Where avoidance only relates to certain terms of the contract, the other terms, whether fulfilled or unfulfilled, are left undisturbed, unless it would be unreasonable to do so. This commentary discusses the effect of retroactive avoidance in general, as well as its effect on contractual obligations, including unfulfilled and unaffected obligations and fulfilled obligations.

Stability Issues with Classifier Using Lukasiewicz Similarity and Modified Schweizer & Sklar Equations

2005 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 514-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pasi Luukka ◽  
◽  
Jouni Sampo
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Classification Task ◽  
Classification Problems ◽  
Generalized Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Stability Issues ◽  
Made In

In this article we have tested the stability of a classifier based on Lukasiewicz similarity in the generalized Lukasiewicz structure. We have also tested Schweizer & Sklar's implications with an extension to generalized mean to classification task. We will show that classification results are not so sensitive to p values with Schweizer & Sklar's measures, which indicates a generalized form of equations. In this article we have also tested the stability of these measures. Two different tests for stability were made: In one test the stability was checked with respect to weight parameters and the other test was carried out for idealvectors. The tests were done with five different classification problems.

scholarly journals AI Safety and General Collective Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andy E Williams
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
General Problem ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
The Other ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Artificial General Intelligence ◽  
The Future ◽  
Ai Safety

Considering both current narrow AI, and any Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) that might be implemented in the future, there are two categories of ways such systems might be made safe for the human beings that interact with them. One category consists of mechanisms that are internal to the system, and the other category consists of mechanisms that are external to the system. In either case, the complexity of the behaviours that such systems might be capable of can rise to the point at which such measures cannot be reliably implemented. However, General Collective Intelligence or GCI can exponentially increase the general problem-solving ability of groups, and therefore their ability to manage complexity. This paper explores the specific cases in which AI or AGI safety cannot be reliably assured without GCI.

scholarly journals The possible as a field of inquiry

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 519-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vlad Petre Glăveanu
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Ontology ◽  
Counterfactual Thinking ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Future ◽  
Field Of Inquiry ◽  
Made In

In this editorial I introduce the possible as an emerging field of inquiry in psychology and related disciplines. Over the past decades, significant advances have been made in connected areas – counterfactual thinking, anticipation, prospection, imagination and creativity, etc. – and several calls have been formulated in the social sciences to study human beings and societies as systems that are open to possibility and to the future. However, engaging with the possible, in the sense of both becoming aware of it and actively exploring it, represents a subject in need of further theoretical elaboration. In this paper, I review several existing approaches to the possible before briefly outlining a new, sociocultural account. While the former are focused on cognitive processes and uphold the old dichotomy between the possible and the actual or real, the latter grows out of a social ontology grounded in notions of difference, positions, perspectives, reflexivity, and dialogue. In the end, I argue that a better understanding of the possible can help us cultivate it in both mind and society.

Does Shame Make Life Better or Worse?

2019 ◽  
pp. 184-210
Author(s):  
John Kekes
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Future ◽  
Made In

This chapter is a comparison between two women who were shamed by their society. One, drawn from Herodotus, accepts the shaming, and feels ashamed. The other, one of Hawthorne’s characters, rejects her society’s evaluation that shames her, and she does not feel ashamed. In one society, there was no distinction made between social shaming and private feeling of shame. In the other, the distinction could be made. In this respect, the two societies were different. Each woman evaluated the reasons for and against feeling shame, but the evaluations of one were more reasonable than that of the other. Whether shame is good is a hard question because it is difficult to weigh the reasons for and against living in a way that is contrary to the evaluations of one’s society. Different people with different strengths in different circumstances have different reasons for or against feeling shame, and their reasons may or may not be good, depending on their social and personal circumstances. So we can ask about the shame we might feel: whether it makes us less likely to act badly in the future, whether fear of shame weakens our confidence in our own evaluations, and how far we are willing to go to alienate ourselves from our society.

Cellular Rubbers

1944 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-956
Author(s):  
Louis P. Gould
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Made In

Abstract This paper has presented a report on the progress which has been made in the cellular rubber field during the past several years; now a few words about the future. It is said that Russia has seventeen kinds of Buna-S. At present the United States has only one kind, namely, GR-S. Of course, this country does have several types of Buna-N and several types of Neoprene. Possibly the day will come when there will be available one or more types of both solid and liquid synthetic rubbers made specifically for the manufacture of cellular rubber products. In the past, many production difficulties in this field have been due to variation in the plasticity and in the rate of cure of different lots of natural rubbers, and to variation in the stability and rate of cure of different shipments of natural rubber latices. These difficulties may well be overcome in the synthetic rubbers of tomorrow.

The Art of Misunderstanding Moral Bioenhancement

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
INGMAR PERSSON ◽  
JULIAN SAVULESCU
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Moral Enhancement ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Moral Bioenhancement ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
The One ◽  
Scientific Technology

Abstract:In our book Unfit for the Future and a number of papers, we have argued that there is a dangerous mismatch between, on the one hand, the tremendous power of scientific technology, which has created societies with millions of citizens, and, on the other hand, our moral capacities, which have been shaped by evolution for life in small, close-knit societies with primitive technology. To overcome this mismatch before it results in the downfall of human civilization, human beings stand in acute need of moral enhancement, not only by traditional means but also by biomedical means, should this turn out to be possible. After summarizing this argument, we respond to two critics, Michael Hauskeller and Robert Sparrow.

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