scholarly journals Chromatographic Analysis of Byproducts from a Non-Toxic Ammunition and a Marked Ammunition: An Assessment of Toxicity

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Arouca ◽  
Mauricio Vieira ◽  
Márcio Talhavini ◽  
Ingrid Weber
Keyword(s):  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Terephthalic Acid ◽  
Dipicolinic Acid ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Gunshot Residues ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Excellent Tool ◽  
Luminescent Markers

One way to access the toxicity of a fired ammunition is by analyzing the byproducts generated by shooting. This work has analyzed compounds produced by firing non-toxic ammunition (NTA) by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). In addition to standard NTA, NTA containing luminescent markers were also analyzed. Luminescent markers have been shown to be an excellent tool in the identification of Gunshot Residues (GSR) produced from NTA. As these markers are designed to tag NTA, they must not produce toxic byproducts. In this work, we focused on identification of volatile products that can be inhaled by shooter when firing and can represents risk to their heath by acute and chronic exposition. For the NTA ammunition several toxic compounds, such as benzonitrile and naphthalene were found. They were related to de degradation of explosives, sensitizers, stabilizers, and other materials added to the gunpowder, indicating possible toxicity by shooters’ long exposure. Moreover, as some of the compounds found are classified as GSR indicators, the used methodology could be adapted for GSR identification. Besides the compounds identified in NTA samples, in marked samples, pyridine and benzene were identified. Pyridine was provided by dipicolinic acid and benzene was provided by trimesic or terephthalic acid, all used as binder in the structures of the markers. However, it can be concluded that the possible toxicity of the NTA is mainly not altered by the presence of the markers because of the small amount of marker added to ammunition and because only a small part of the marker is degraded, requiring an unreal number of shots to produce some acute effect.

scholarly journals Study of compounds emitted during thermo-oxidative decomposition of polyester fabrics

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Dzięcioł ◽  
Elżbieta Huzar
Keyword(s):  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Terephthalic Acid ◽  
Complex Mixtures ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Polyester Fabrics ◽  
Oxidative Decomposition ◽  
Air Atmosphere ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Solid Compounds

Abstract Compounds emitted during thermo-oxidative decomposition of three commercial polyester fabrics for indoor outfit and decorations (upholstery, curtains) were studied. The experiments were carried out in a flow tubular furnace at 600°C in an air atmosphere. During decomposition process the complex mixtures of volatile and solid compounds were emitted. The main volatile products were carbon oxides, benzene, acetaldehyde, vinyl benzoate and acetophe-none. The emitted solid compounds consisted mainly of aromatic carboxylic acids and its derivatives, among which the greatest part took terephthalic acid, monovinyl terephthalate and benzoic acid. The small amounts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also emitted. The emission profiles of the tested polyester fabrics were similar. The presence of toxic compounds indicates the possibility of serious hazard for people during fire.

scholarly journals Hazards associated with municipal waste storage. Vol. I

2018 ◽  
Vol 247 ◽  
pp. 00032
Author(s):  
Anna Dmochowska
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Environmental Risks ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Waste Storage ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Waste Deposit

Depositing municipal waste in a responsible and controlled manner in landfills allows their decomposition to stabilized material. However, there are many environmental risks during operation and stabilization after landfill closure. These include: dusts, odors, potential fires associated with the presence of landfill gas and it is microbiological hazards and leachates. The latter are also generated many years after closure and reclamation of the landfill. In the event of a leak trough the anti-filtration shutter, toxic compounds found in the leachates can migrate and contaminate to groundwater. The article presents the quantitative and qualitative analysis of leachates in the final operational period of the landfill and after its closure. In both cases, the chromatographic analysis was carried out using the same conditions, i.e. solvent, extraction time, chromatograph and conditions for chromatographic analysis of samples. Physical and chemical leachate examinations were performed on the basis of valid standards. Their results show that the waste deposit is subject to increasingly advanced biodegradation processes of organic compounds. The values of such indicators as COD and BZT5 are decreasing. However, they remain quite significant, which indicates the presence of hard-to decompose and newly compounds in the leachates.

scholarly journals Quantitative Characteristics of Toxic Compounds According to the Solvent Type

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Young-Ji An ◽  
Seong-Jin Choi ◽  
Yong-Hyun Kim ◽  
Kyuhong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Analytical Data ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Solvent Type ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
Relative Standard ◽  
Rf Values ◽  
Benzene Toluene ◽  
Working Standards

The quantitative analysis of target substances is an important part of assessing the toxicity of diverse materials. Usually, the quantitation of target compounds is conducted by instrumental analysis such as chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. If solvents are used in the pretreatment step of the target analyte quantification, it would be crucial to examine the solvent effect on the quantitative analysis. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the solvent effects using four different solvents (methanol, hexane, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) and three toxic compounds (benzene, toluene, and methylisothiazolinone (MIT)). Liquid working standards containing the toxic compounds were prepared by dilution with each solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, we found that the response factor (RF) values of the target analytes were different, depending on the solvent types. In particular, benzene and toluene exhibited their highest RF values (33,674 ng−1 and 78,604 ng−1, respectively) in hexane, while the RF value of MIT was the highest (9,067 ng−1) in PBS. Considering the correlation (R2) and relative standard deviation (RSD) values, all target analytes showed fairly good values (R2 > 0.99 and RSD < 10%) in methanol and DMSO. In contrast, low R2 (0.0562) and high RSD (10.6%) values of MIT were detected in hexane, while benzene and toluene exhibited relatively low R2 and high RSD values in PBS (mean R2 = 0.9892 ± 0.0146 and mean RSD = 13.3 ± 4.1%). Based on these findings, we concluded that the results and reliability of the quantitative analysis change depending on the analyte and solvent types. Therefore, in order to accurately assess the toxicity of target compounds, reliable analytical data should be obtained, preferentially by considering the solvent types.

A study of thermo-hydro-treated (THT) birch wood by chemical analysis and Py-GC/MS

Holzforschung ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 653-661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingeborga Andersone ◽  
Galina Dobele ◽  
Bruno Andersons ◽  
Nina Kurnosova ◽  
Edgars Kuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Material Balance ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Cellulose Modification ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Flame Ionisation Detector ◽  
Ionisation Detector

AbstractThe chemical changes in birch wood occurring at thermo-hydro treatment (THT) was studied at temperatures (T) of 150, 160 and 170°C by analytical pyrolysis [Py-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/flame ionisation detector (GC/MS/FID)], elemental analysis and traditional wet-chemical analysis. THT wood (THTW) was also extracted with acetone. Mass losses (ML) due to THT and acetone extraction of THTW were considered for material balance calculations. The holocellulose and hemicellulose (HC) contents decrease with increasing THT temperature (THTT), thus the apparent lignin content is elevated by ca. 20%. The HC degradation begins at 150°C, while that of α-cellulose modification at 170°C. Compared to unmodified birch, the THT170°Cmaterial contains ca. 10% less α-cellulose and up to 40% less HC. The Py-GC/MS also indicates decreasing amounts of volatile products from polymeric carbohydrates (CHs) and lignin origin as a function of increasing THTT. The identified CH-based Py products of THT170°Cof non-extracted (ne) and extracted (e) materials resulted in 13 and 22% weight decrements, respectively, while the lignin-type Py products were reduced by 13 and 49%, respectively. With increasing THTT, the total content of CO2, water and methanol decreases, and the amount of unidentified compounds increases by 30%.

scholarly journals THERMAL DEGRADATION ANALYSIS OF WOOD TREATED WITH FIRERETARDANTS

2005 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Igors Urbanovičs ◽  
Pēteris Mekšs ◽  
Gaļina Dobele
Keyword(s):  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Analytical Pyrolysis ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Wood Pyrolysis ◽  
Hazard Control ◽  
Degradation Analysis ◽  
Volatile Products

Fire hazard control in wooden constructions is very important. For this purpose, fire retardants are used, which change the thermodestruction of wood and reduce combustion. The aim of the present research project was to study and compare the fire–protective properties of fire-retardants and to explain the chemical process of pyrolysis, namely, degradation in treated and untreated wood. The influence of fire-retardants on the wood thermal stability and the amount of volatile products was estimated on the basis of thermal analysis results. The volatile products (above 50%) of the pyrolysis process were identified, and the mechanism of the influence of fire-retardants on wood thermodestruction was studied.The presence of toxic compounds, formed by pyrolysis, was evaluated. The results of the study have shown that analytical pyrolysis is a modern, precise method for identifying the toxic compounds of volatile products in processes of both wood pyrolysis and combustion. The application of analytical pyrolysis enables a prompt determination of the fire protection degree of building wood constructions.

scholarly journals Conventional and alternative nitrocellulose stabilisers used in gun propellants

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Gańczyk-Specjalska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Gun Propellants ◽  
Better Than

The European Union industry must adapt to the requirements of the REACH regulations, which aim to improve human health and to protect the environment by using less toxic chemicals. The technology for producing nitrocellulose propellants utilises stabilisers that bond volatile products with autocatalytic properties of nitroester degradation. During this process, N-nitroso derivatives are formed, which exhibit toxic/carcinogenic properties. Moreover, some of the impurities found in stabilisers are characterised by toxic properties (e.g. in diphenylamine). In recent years, intensive research has been carried out on alternative nitrocellulose stabilisers with properties similar to or better than conventional stabilisers. The published studies on this subject mainly present research on chromatographic analysis, evaluation of stability using various methods and thermochemical analysis.

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