scholarly journals R.S. Belkin and the Establishment of Forensic Biology and Forensic Ecology

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 49-53
Author(s):  
E. I. Maiorova
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Forensic Biology ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Science Theory ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Professor R.S. Belkin's role in the development of criminology and forensic science is widely recognized. The theory he advanced to connect criminalistics and the natural sciences was of great importance for the establishment of new forensic disciplines. During his time as head of the department of forensic science theory Professor Belkin focused on newly emerging fields of forensic research and the development of their theoretical foundations. His vision was marked by a deep understanding that ecology is a subfield of biology, but forensic ecology is not part of forensic biology. It is largely due to his talent to anticipate the emergence of new trends in response to the needs of investigative practice that these forensic disciplines were established and continue to develop.

scholarly journals CORRELATION AND STRUCTURE OF A FORENSIC TECHNIQUE AND FORENSIC SCIENCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-147
Author(s):  
M. Shcherbakovsky
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Legal Foundations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methodological Approaches ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Functional Purpose

A historical analysis of forensic techniques and forensic science emergence as scientific branches is outlined, their interconnection, differences are considered, the subject, object and structure are clarified. It is shown that criminalistics and forensic science are both separate and kindred scientific branches that have common historical roots. The author proves that the development and gradual separation of forensic science from criminalistics did not change the scientific, methodological, didactic foundations and structure of a forensic technique as a component of criminalistics. The structure of forensic technique and forensic science is suggested. The author presents the forensic technique modern structure in the form of the following sections: physical traces of crimes: types, classification, mechanism of formation; technical and forensic means and methods: classification, functional purpose; organizational and legal foundations of forensic support of offences investigation; means and methods of searching, recording, seizing, packaging and transporting traces of offenses; means and methods of preliminary investigation of offenses’ traces; information and reference support of offenses disclosure and investigation. Forensic science is represented in two parts: “General theory of forensic examination”, which includes theoretical provisions, doctrines inherent in all forensic fields, and “Methodological fundamentals  of certain types of forensic examinations”, which are the theoretical basis of certain forensic branches and are used for the development of methods for solving typical forensic tasks. The close connection and mutual influence of two scientific branches and types of activity are noted. The connection is manifested in the unity of theoretical foundations, methodological approaches to the study of objects and, partially, in the use of technical means. The development of new forensic methods affects the advancement and improvement of technical and forensic means of collecting physical traces of a crime. On the contrary, the emergence of  new types of crime traces necessitates the creation of appropriate typical forensic research methods.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF THE MODELING METHOD IN THE RESEARCH PRACTICE OF FORENSIC EXAMINATIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-225
Author(s):  
S. Rohalin
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Modeling Method ◽  
Similarity Criteria ◽  
Scientific Modeling ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Building Models ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Forensic Expert ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

When researching objects, in some cases there are certain difficulties when obtaining a categorical opinion on an expert task is not always possible. One of the problems that hinders the intention of a forensic expert in ensuring the completeness of the study is the inability to directly study the object of study. The solution of the theoretical and practical aspects of this problem is very important, but so far this problem has been solved on an applied plane, that is, in different types of studies in the relevant types of forensic examinations, special research methods have been developed based on certain developments that, in one or another degrees apply the modeling method. The purpose of the article is to systematize the theoretical foundations of applying the method of scientific modeling I n forensic research, determining the requirements for building models in forensic research and creating a modeling method in forensic examination by stages of research. The article examines the historical formation of the modeling method, describes the content, terminology and essence of the modeling method as an effective general scientific tool for cognition. The main feature of modeling is fixed as a method of indirect cognition of objects of research through substitute objects, when the model serves as a cognitive tool that the researcher puts between himself and the object, and with the help of which he studies the object of interest to him. The classification of the types of models is presented. Cases have been outlined where modeling when carrying out research in forensic science is desirable, and cases are presented separately when applying scientific modeling when conducting research in forensic science is the only possible method for obtaining a definitive conclusion. The general scientific theoretical foundations of applying the similarity criteria and similarity theorems in modeling when carrying out research in forensic science are systematized, the requirements for building models are identified, and similarity signs are formulated in forensic expert research. A method for applying modeling at different stages of conducting research in forensics has been developed.

PROBLEMS AND TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT OF BRANCHES OF CRIMINALISTIC TECHNOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaliy Elyotnov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Video Recording ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Controversial Issues ◽  
Forensic Photography ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
Forensic Scientists ◽  
Further Development

The article examines the key provisions of traditional and developing branches of forensic technology as a branch of the forensic science. The article analyzes modern publications of domestic and foreign scientists dedicated to the problems of forensic technology. Discussion issues and gaps existing in the theory and practice of such branches of forensic technology as forensic photography and video recording, forensic phonoscopy, forensic traceology, forensic weapons science, forensic documentation, forensic research of substances, materials and products, forensic registration, etc. The opinions of individual forensic scientists on the resolution of controversial issues of forensic technology are given. The scientific directions that have not received at present recognition of independent branches of forensic technology are indicated. The promising areas of research in the framework of the branches of forensic technology are named, the main trends of its further development are formulated.

scholarly journals Founding Editorial – Forensics and TheScientificWorld

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 605-608
Author(s):  
Walter Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Forensic Odontology ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Scientific Application ◽  
Forensic Biology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Tool Mark ◽  
The World ◽  
Forensic Engineering

At the beginning of a new millennium it seems a good idea to stop for a moment and take stock of the current state of forensic science. As a field of scientific research and scientific application, forensic science is a little more than a century old. Forensic science may be said to have begun in 1887 with the simultaneous publication of A. Conan Doyle’s A Study in Scarlet and Hans Gross’s Handbuch für Untersuchungsrichter. Conan Doyle’s novel introduced to the world the character of Sherlock Holmes, whose literary career would popularize the use of physical evidence in criminal investigations. Gross’s manual for examining magistrates suggests ways in which the expertise of chemists, biologists, geologists, and other natural scientists could contribute to investigations. Gross’s book was translated into a number of languages and went through various updated editions during the course of the century. The intervening century saw the development and application of fingerprinting, firearm and tool mark identification, forensic chemistry, forensic biology, forensic toxicology, forensic odontology, forensic pathology, and forensic engineering. Increasingly, the judicial systems of the industrial nations of the world have come to rely upon the expertise of scientists in a variety of disciplines. In most advanced countries, virtually all criminal prosecutions now involve the presentation of scientific testimony. This has had the beneficial effect of diminishing the reliance of courts on eyewitness testimony and defendant confessions.

scholarly journals THEORY OF FORENSIC EXPERTOLOGY IN THE SYSTEM OF LAW

2019 ◽  
pp. 48-57
Author(s):  
Nina Klymenko
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Forensic Expertise ◽  
Science Theory ◽  
Special General ◽  
Depth Study ◽  
Special Knowledge ◽  
Expert Science ◽  
Relationship Of

The article deals with the concept of a general theory of forensic expertology, the conditions for its creation, the place of forensic expert science in the system of legal sciences, the limits of its subject matter, the issues of interaction and the relationship of the science of forensic science and forensic expertology. The system and structure of the general theory of forensic expertology and its tasks are given. Separate articles of the Criminal Procedure, Civil Procedure, Administrative, Economic, Customs and Other Codes of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Forensic Expertise” of 1994 and the constitutional confirmation (article 92, paragraph 14 of the Constitution of Ukraine) of the legislative provision of forensic expertise are the further legal basis development of legal, organizational and managerial directions of forensic expertology. Forensic expertology does not only preserves the “birthmarks” of forensic science, but also, in turn, influences the dialectics of the development of the subject of forensic science and the content of its scientific fields (forensic techniques, forensic tactics and forensic methos). In particular, it requires clarifying the well-established view of the unity of forensic techniques for the investigator and expert. The first is made to collect “trace information”, the second is used for its in-depth study based on special knowledge in order to turn it into evidence-based information. Different goals are provided with different means of content. It is more accurate to raise the question of interaction, the “docking” of two, although closely related, but independent branches of scientific and technical means serving justice. The tasks of the general theory of forensic expertise (expert studies) are similar to the tasks of forensic science. They can be divided into general and special. General task is the creation of a scientific base for the purpose of the functioning and development of the industry of the use of special knowledge in examinations for the needs of legal proceedings, assistance in the fight against crime and other offenses, resolution of civil law disputes. Special task is the study of the laws of formation and development of specific types of forensic expertises, the expansion of their capabilities; development and improvement of expert technologies, tools, methods and techniques; the formation of the scientific foundations of new types of forensic expertises in connection with the emergence of new objects (computer, art history, etc.); developing expert crime prevention measures; development of an automated workplace software (AWS) for an expert of various types of research, study and implementation of advanced expert experience; forecasting expert practice processes and research tasks. Specific tasks are the up-to-date tasks that the practice puts before so the science of expert science to meet the needs that have arisen. Key words: forensic expertology, forensic expertise, legal science, theory.

scholarly journals Are Future Chemistry Teachers Prepared to Perform Chemical Experiments at Primary and Secondary Schools?

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-52
Author(s):  
Anna Drozdíková ◽  
Miroslav Prokša
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Schools ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Natural Sciences ◽  
Chemistry Teachers ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Alternative Solutions ◽  
Chemical Experiment

AbstractOur contribution is devoted to study the ability of future chemistry teachers to organise pupils’ observation of chemical phenomena. In this article measuring of multi-level means is described, which should denote a readiness of probands to perform an observation during carrying out chemical experiment. It is based on the assumption that well-prepared observers are able to work actively and to propose alternative solutions, because of their deep understanding of a procedure. In next part of this article the results of a research carried out at Faculty of Natural Sciences in Bratislava are analysed. The research was also aimed to detect if students are prepared to perform chemical experiments without a risk that they will be confused by a procedure or different course of experiment as they had expected.

scholarly journals Criminalistics is not the science of prosecution or defense, but aimed at judicial resolution of criminal cases

2021 ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
A. N. Khalikov
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Forensic Science ◽  
Criminal Responsibility ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Forensic Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Judicial Errors

The article considers the purpose of criminalistics as an objective science. The author briefly analyzes the definitions of the subject of criminology proposed by scientists in different years. At the same time, the General trend becomes obvious — the monopolization of criminology by law enforcement agencies. With reference to the position of the Patriarch of Russian criminalistics R. S. Belkin, the author expresses his opinion that criminalistics cannot and should not serve only state law enforcement agencies. The results of forensic research can be successfully used in criminal cases by the defense party-lawyers and other representatives of suspects and accused. The article provides examples when abuses by the preliminary investigation bodies with reference to the use of criminalistics provisions led to judicial errors and bringing innocent persons to criminal responsibility. Only in court, when using the evidence presented by the parties to the defense and prosecution, obtained, including through the use of recommendations of forensic science, a criminal case can be fairly resolved. 

scholarly journals FORENSIK BIOLOGI DALAM PENJAGAAN NASAB (HIFZ AL-NASAB / NASL)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Syukran Baharuddin ◽  
Mohd Amir Wan Harun ◽  
Aminuddin Ruskam ◽  
Abdul Rahim Yacob
Keyword(s):  
Forensic Science ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Science Method ◽  
Forensic Biology ◽  
Trait Analysis ◽  
Criminal Jurisprudence ◽  
Physical Trait

Maqasid al-Shari'ah focusses on each of the elements in al-Daruriyyāt, followed by al-Hajiyyat and al-Tahsiniyyāt. Among the main topics in the discussion of al-Daruriyyāt is Hifz al-Nasl/ Nasb which is the preservation of ancestry. It is admitted that forensic science provides a consistent role in human life. However, only few know the success of forensic science in solving great significance cases in determining the lineage that led to one of the key elements of al-Daruriyyāt in Maqasid al-Shari'ah. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the role of forensic science in determining the heredity. This study has the objective to analyze the classic texts which contain elements of forensic science that led to the determination of lineage, to review the appropriate techniques in determining heredity and analyse relevant cases in determination of heredity proven by forensic science. Method used is this study were historical, inductive and deductive. Scope of the study were the determination of heredity through physical trait analysis and serology (blood) in cases which are not related to Islamic criminal jurisprudence. This study concluded that the forensic biology is an accurate method in preserving heredity and it is in line with the Islamic legal maxims.

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