Analysis of Humanitarian Technologies of Expertises in Solving of Socio-Cultural Dilemmas

Introduction. The aim of the article is to show the socio-philosophical basis of humanitarian expertises and to demonstrate an important role of these technologies in the life of society and the world for solving of current socio-cultural dilemmas. We set ourselves the following tasks: to conduct a socio-philosophical justification of the theoretical foundations of moral expert science, to define three types of humanitarian expertises, to identify the range of their application, to show the significance of their application for society and for professional organizations.Methodology and sources. This work methodologically is based on a socio-philosophical analysis of the works of well-known sociologists and philosophers of the ХХ–XXI centuries who created the foundation for humanitarian expertises as well as on a comparative analysis of the three expertises with the identification of their deferential characteristics.Results and discussion. Thanks to the developed methods and methodologies in sociology, cultural studies, etc., various new approaches were created for the scientific study of the society problems and the consequences of the influence of scientific and technological progress on it. These methods and methodologies which are the basis of humanitarian technologies, allowed us to step over the individual subjectivity and to consider objectively socio-cultural phenomena, based on facts and on the justification of social action. Suggested by Emile Durkheim’s practical sociological method of investigating facts made it possible to combine the forces of specialists in different fields to identify the causes of the appearance of normal and pathological factors and to analyze them. Whereas, M. Weber outlined the methodological foundations of social action with the help of them it is possible to objectively identify the main actions developed by this society. The methods and techniques formed the basis of the humanitarian technologies of three examinations: socio-humanitarian, humanitarian and ethical. There is still no term under which they can be combined so the author’s this article proposed the term – humanitarian. The humanitarian is from the word humanity (humanity), that is, what is inherent in all people including society and its actions. Functional analysis of social and cultural products by Robert Merton and show of ethics micro and macro order by George Ritzer had formed the foundation for modern humanitarian expertises: social humanitarian, humanitarian and ethical.Conclusion. When the role of science in the life of society becomes dominant, it is necessary to have such methodologies with which it will be possible to control the illegal use of scientific achievements, to identify unethical behavior of scientists. The main focus of these expertise is to control the illegal activities of professionals, to protect the interests and health of people.

Mapping the ‘invisible college of international lawyers’ through obituaries

Since Oscar Schachter’s articulation of the concept, scholars have attempted to better understand the ‘invisible college of international lawyers’ making up our profession. They have done this through piecemeal surveys of public professional rosters (arbitrators, International Court of Justice counsel), piecing together anecdotes of connections between members, or constructing stories about individuals’ role in discrete legal developments. Departing from these approaches, we use the obituaries published in the British Yearbook of International Law (1920–2017) to draw an interactive map of the ‘invisible college’. Obituaries are a unique window into international law’s otherwise private inner life, unveiling professional and personal connections between international lawyers and their shared career paths beyond single institutions or individual stories. Employing network analysis, a method commonly used in social sciences to describe complex social phenomena such as this, we are able to demonstrate the ubiquity of informal networks whereby ideas move, and provide evidence of the community’s homogeneity. Exploring connections between international lawyers and their shared characteristics in this novel way, we shed light on the features of this group and the potential impact individual personalities have on the law. These characteristics of the profession and its members are evident to insiders but externally invisible. Graphic representation is a powerful tool in bolstering critiques for diversity and contestation of mainstream law-making narratives. Rather than exhaustively mapping, however, we propose to take the ‘dead white men’ trope to an extreme, provoking the reader to question the self-image of the profession as an impersonal expert science.

I can feel it moving: Science Communicators Talking About the Potential of Mid-Air Haptics

We explored the potential of haptics for improving science communication, and recognized that mid-air haptic interaction supports public engagement with science in three relevant themes. While science instruction often focuses on the cognitive domain of acquiring new knowledge, in science communication the primary goal is to produce personal responses, such as awareness, enjoyment, or interest in science. Science communicators seek novel ways of communicating with the public, often using new technologies to produce personal responses. Thus, we explored how mid-air haptics technology could play a role in communicating scientific concepts. We prototyped six mid-air haptic probes for three thematic areas: particle physics, quantum mechanics, cell biology; and conducted three qualitative focus group sessions with domain expert science communicators. Participants highlighted values of the dynamic features of mid-air haptics, its ability to produce shared experiences, and its flexibility in communicating scientific concepts through metaphors and stories. We discuss how mid-air haptics can complement existing approaches of science communication, for example multimedia experiences or live exhibits by helping to create enjoyment or interest, generalized to any fields of science.

On the Development of Working with Personnel in Forensic Organizations under the Requirements of the International Standard ISO/IEC 17025:2017

The purpose of the study is to adapt the requirements of the international standard ISO/IEC 17025: 2017 “General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories”, defining the functions and responsibilities of laboratory personnel, to the domestic forensic expert activity. The following requirements for personnel are addressed in the article: impartiality, competence, manageability, and performance of operations according to the laboratory’s management system. International standards and comments to them, foreign forensic practice, publications on domestic forensic expert science, and procedural codes of the Russian Federation have been analyzed. The article points out that in forensic organizations, the entire staff divides into two groups: those who perform forensic examinations (research) and those who ensure the functioning of the forensic organizations. Achieving objectivity in laboratory activities during research or testing is strictly applicable and is regulated by documenting the research/ test, validating research/test methods, training and admitting personnel, and maintaining equipment. The combination of these procedures ensures the objectivity of a study. It is shown that the standard extends its provisions to all accredited organizations under the uniform rules, which goes along with the ethical standards of the forensic expert institutions of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, other departments, as well as commercial organizations.

EXPERT PLACE IN THE SYSTEM OF SUBJECTS OF FORENSIC EXPERT ACTIVITY

The article notes that one of the most important forms of using special knowledge in the judicial process is the involvement of an expert and the conduct of forensic examination. It is emphasized that the scientists have proved that from the point of view of forensic expert science as a science, forensic-expert activity acts as its object of cognition. However, beyond their attention was the characteristic of the place of an expert in the system of subjects of forensic expert activity. It is stated that forensic-expert activity can be considered as formed and relatively autonomous type of socially useful activity, which closely interacts with law-enforcement activity in general and criminal-procedural in particular in order to meet the needs of legal proceedings. It was emphasized that the development of the SED contributed to the change and further improvement of legal and procedural relations in order to improve their legal status. In this case, entities, with the exception of general ones, have their own specific tasks and, within the limits of their decision, act independently, interacting only when solving general tasks of expert activity. The article emphasizes that forensic and criminal-procedural activities are closely interconnected, sometimes intertwined and repeated, taking into account the peculiarities of the professional activity of the expert. This is due to the fact that in some cases, for example: conducting expert research, he acts as a subject of expert activity, and in case of his involvement in the criminal process, for example: appointment and conducting of examination — becomes a party to criminal proceedings. As a result of the analysis of different approaches to evaluating the properties of professional activity of the expert as a subject of expert activity, it was determined that they can be divided into general (social character, purposefulness, planning, systematic implementation) and special (legal nature, relative independence of the expert, research character, verifiability (checking) of the expert’s activity, initiative, constructiveness, correlation of individuality and collegiality, special socio-psychological atmosphere). It is also emphasized that the qualities of an expert, without which it is impossible to carry out his professional activity, include the knowledge, skills and skills acquired during his studies and professional activities. In this case, a person may perform the functions of an expert in a criminal proceeding in the presence of special and procedural conditions.

UNITY OF SCIENCE AND PRACTICE IN LEGAL EXPERTISE

The formation of Ukraine as a rule of law state, the improvement of the legal regulation of the use of special knowledge in order to properly and efficiently protect the rights and legitimate interests of individuals and legal entities and the state, eliminating the inconsistency of the provisions of the law regarding examination, objectively require an analysis of the current state of science and practice in forensic science activity. Forensic science covers a considerable number of scientific disciplines and actual problems of teaching expert science. The scientific article proposes to use the scientific potential of expert institutes, educational institutions and research institutions engaged in applied research. Cooperation between institutions involved in expert research, due to their scientific achievements and methodological developments, can increase professional ability in the investigation of certain categories of crimes, and will also contribute to the integration of forensic activities and will lead to the harmonization and improvement of national legislation, theoretical foundations of forensic activities, international recognition of its individual components and, in general, will increase professional masters of experts. Ways to improve the professional education of future judicial experts are analyzed. In this paper, the ideas for solving the urgent problem of unity and interaction of education, science and practice have been expressed, and hopefully they will be taken into account.

OBJECT, SUBJECT AND TASKS OF JUDICIAL ENGINEERING AND TECHNICAL EXAMINATION OF ACCIDENTS RELATED TO ELECTRIC INJURY

Ensuring the high quality, completeness and correctness of the expert's conclusions based on the results of the investigation of accidents involving electrical intrusion, in the diversity of the actual circumstances of the occurrence of the event, in the huge range of electrical appliances and a large number of technical regulations in their application is impossible without a clear definition and understanding by the expert of the fundamental Fundamentals of expert science, which primarily concern the object, subject and task of examination. The need for their detailed consideration is conditioned by the complex nature of the knowledge used in this area: in the field of electrical engineering and in the field of labor protection and safety of life. The analysis of the scientific literature and the developments of scientists in this field is associated with insufficient development of issues of a clear and comprehensive definition of the terms “subject” and “object” of judicial complex expert examinations, in particular, examination of cases of electrical injuries. The author summarizes the various results of theoretical research and, taking into account expert practice, conducting an examination, offers to determine the subject and object of forensic engineering examination related to electrical injury. Considering the typical tasks of a forensic examination, attention is drawn to the growing tendency of setting a specific task regarding the prediction of the occurrence of a certain negative event to resolve. The necessity is grounded and it is proposed to supplement the classification of expert tasks in the engineering and technical investigations of cases of electrical intrusion with a new kind - prognostic problems.

THEORY OF FORENSIC EXPERTOLOGY IN THE SYSTEM OF LAW

The article deals with the concept of a general theory of forensic expertology, the conditions for its creation, the place of forensic expert science in the system of legal sciences, the limits of its subject matter, the issues of interaction and the relationship of the science of forensic science and forensic expertology. The system and structure of the general theory of forensic expertology and its tasks are given. Separate articles of the Criminal Procedure, Civil Procedure, Administrative, Economic, Customs and Other Codes of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine “On Forensic Expertise” of 1994 and the constitutional confirmation (article 92, paragraph 14 of the Constitution of Ukraine) of the legislative provision of forensic expertise are the further legal basis development of legal, organizational and managerial directions of forensic expertology. Forensic expertology does not only preserves the “birthmarks” of forensic science, but also, in turn, influences the dialectics of the development of the subject of forensic science and the content of its scientific fields (forensic techniques, forensic tactics and forensic methos). In particular, it requires clarifying the well-established view of the unity of forensic techniques for the investigator and expert. The first is made to collect “trace information”, the second is used for its in-depth study based on special knowledge in order to turn it into evidence-based information. Different goals are provided with different means of content. It is more accurate to raise the question of interaction, the “docking” of two, although closely related, but independent branches of scientific and technical means serving justice. The tasks of the general theory of forensic expertise (expert studies) are similar to the tasks of forensic science. They can be divided into general and special. General task is the creation of a scientific base for the purpose of the functioning and development of the industry of the use of special knowledge in examinations for the needs of legal proceedings, assistance in the fight against crime and other offenses, resolution of civil law disputes. Special task is the study of the laws of formation and development of specific types of forensic expertises, the expansion of their capabilities; development and improvement of expert technologies, tools, methods and techniques; the formation of the scientific foundations of new types of forensic expertises in connection with the emergence of new objects (computer, art history, etc.); developing expert crime prevention measures; development of an automated workplace software (AWS) for an expert of various types of research, study and implementation of advanced expert experience; forecasting expert practice processes and research tasks. Specific tasks are the up-to-date tasks that the practice puts before so the science of expert science to meet the needs that have arisen. Key words: forensic expertology, forensic expertise, legal science, theory.

En Delfistudie om lärares uppfattning av elevengagemang i NO-undervisningen A Delphi study of teachers views on engagement in the science classroom

What happens in a science classroom where students are engaged and how do teachers observe and interpret student engagement? This article highlights teachers’ perspective on students’ engagement in science education and to what extent it is connected to the scientific content. This approach complements earlier research which focuses mostly on students’ attitude towards science education and their interest in various topics in science.The findings are based on a three-stage Delphi survey distributed to 39 expert science teachers. The results shows science education with a range of different perspectives and that most teachers do not perceive any direct connection between specific science topics and the students’ engagement. The survey also shows that teachers to a high level interpret students’ emotional expressions and academic behavior as engagement rather than their cognitive behavior.

Shifting Roles of Science Journalists Covering Climate Change

Climate journalism is a moving target. Driven by its changing technological and economic contexts, challenged by the complex subject matter of climate change, and immersed in a polarized and politicized debate, climate journalism has shifted and diversified in recent decades. These transformations hint at the emergence of a more interpretive, sometimes advocacy-oriented journalism that explores new roles beyond that of the detached conduit of elite voices. At the same time, different patterns of doing climate journalism have evolved, because climate journalists are not a homogeneous group. Among the diversity of journalists covering the issue, a small group of expert science and environmental reporters stand out as opinion leaders and sources for other journalists covering climate change only occasionally. The former group’s expertise and specialization allow them to develop a more investigative and critical attitude toward both the deniers of anthropogenic climate change and toward climate science.