shorts: An R Package for Modeling Short Sprints

Short sprint performance is one of the most distinguishable and admired physical trait in sports. Short sprints have been modeled using the mono-exponential equation that involves two parameters: (1) maximum sprinting speed (MSS) and (2) relative acceleration (TAU). The most common methods to assess short sprint performance are with a radar gun or timing gates. In this paper, we: 1) provide the {shorts} package that can model sprint timing data from these two sources; 2) discuss potential issues with assessing sprint time (synchronization and flying start, respectively); and 3) provide model definitions within the {shorts} package to help alleviate errors within the subsequent parameter outcomes.

Fingerprints and paternity testing: a study of genetics and probability in pre-DNA forensic science

This article is a study of forensic science researchers’ attempts to develop paternity tests based on fingerprint patterning, a physical trait that is partially inherited. Pursued in different times and places—ranging from Austria to Japan to China and from the early 20th century to the 1990s—the projects under study represent an ongoing dialogue, carried out through decades of international scientific exchange, about how to extract genetic information from fingerprints and present this data as scientifically-valid evidence in courts of law. Over time, those who engaged in this work increasingly experimented with methods for presenting fingerprint-based evidence of paternity in quantifiable and even probabilistic terms. Fingerprint-based paternity tests remained an obscure area of forensic practice and were eventually overshadowed by advances in serology and DNA profiling. This unfamiliar corner of forensic science, nonetheless, can provide additional perspective on the history of statistical expertise and probabilistic reasoning in modern forensic science, including the application of Bayesian approaches. The larger body of 20th-century ‘dermatoglyphics’ knowledge out of which these tests emerged also continues to influence the foundation of scientific knowledge on which latent print examination is based today.

Verification of Multimodal Biometric

Authenticating the identity of an individual has become an important aspect of many organizations. The reasons being to secure authentication process, to perform automated attendance, or to provide bill payments. This need of providing automated authentication has led to concerns in the security and robustness of such biometric systems. Currently, many biometric systems that are organizations are unimodal, which means that use single physical trait to perform authentication. But, these unimodal systems suffer from many drawbacks. These drawbacks can be overcome by designing multimodal systems which use multiple physical traits to perform authentication. They increase reliability and robustness of the systems. In this chapter, analysis and comparison of multimodal biometric systems is proposed for three physical traits like iris, finger, and palm. All these traits are treated independently, and feature of these traits are extracted using two algorithms separately.

Including Trans Women Athletes in Competitive Sport

In this paper, we examine the scientific, legal, and ethical foundations for inclusion of transgender women athletes in competitive sport, drawing on IOC principles and relevant Court of Arbitration for Sport decisions. We argue that the inclusion of trans athletes in competition commensurate with their legal gender is the most consistent position with these principles of fair and equitable sport. Biological restrictions, such as endogenous testosterone limits, are not consistent with IOC and CAS principles. We explore the implications for recognizing that endogenous testosterone values are a ‘natural physical trait’ and that excluding legally recognized women for high endogenous testosterone values constitutes discrimination on the basis of a natural physical trait. We suggest that the justificatory burden for such prima facie discrimination is unlikely to be met. Thus, in place of a limit on endogenous testosterone for women (whether cisgender, transgender, or intersex), we argue that ‘legally recognized gender’ is most fully in line with IOC and CAS principles.

Eye Colour: A Physical Trait Correlates with Personality & Mental Health

Background: Eyes are the window to the soul, eye is so closely linked neurologically to the brain that you might call it the only part of our brain you can see from the outside. It seems to hold vital clues to our brain function. Therefore the study was conducted to know the association between colour of eye relate with personality and mental health Methods: Study examined personality of 300 subjects selected purposively. The study was conducted on 143 were normal subjects (77male & 66 female) GHQ negative (score less than 3) subjects from the community formed the normal group for the study and 157 indoor & outdoor psychiatric patients (suffering with three type of disorder like schizophrenics, bipolar and conversion) (102 male & 55 female) admitted in Nirwan neuropsychiatric clinic Lucknow & Bareilly mental hospital, Bareilly U.P. India. Age ranging between 20-30, 40-50 & 60 and above served as participants. Sentence completion test (SCT) was administered on all the included subjects. Result: Light brown color of eyes male had high psychiatric morbidity (68.47%) then female. Conclusion: Colour of eye can be indicate the personality trait of human being black colour of eyes indicate negative traits of personality in female.

FORENSIK BIOLOGI DALAM PENJAGAAN NASAB (HIFZ AL-NASAB / NASL)

Maqasid al-Shari'ah focusses on each of the elements in al-Daruriyyāt, followed by al-Hajiyyat and al-Tahsiniyyāt. Among the main topics in the discussion of al-Daruriyyāt is Hifz al-Nasl/ Nasb which is the preservation of ancestry. It is admitted that forensic science provides a consistent role in human life. However, only few know the success of forensic science in solving great significance cases in determining the lineage that led to one of the key elements of al-Daruriyyāt in Maqasid al-Shari'ah. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the role of forensic science in determining the heredity. This study has the objective to analyze the classic texts which contain elements of forensic science that led to the determination of lineage, to review the appropriate techniques in determining heredity and analyse relevant cases in determination of heredity proven by forensic science. Method used is this study were historical, inductive and deductive. Scope of the study were the determination of heredity through physical trait analysis and serology (blood) in cases which are not related to Islamic criminal jurisprudence. This study concluded that the forensic biology is an accurate method in preserving heredity and it is in line with the Islamic legal maxims.

A Face Only an Investor Could Love

Researchers have theorized that innate personal traits are related to leadership success. Although links between psychological characteristics and leadership success have been well established, research has yet to identify any objective physical traits of leaders that predict organizational performance. In the research reported here, we identified leaders’ facial structure as a specific physical trait that correlates with organizational performance. Specifically, we found that firms whose male CEOs have wider faces (relative to facial height) achieve superior financial performance. Decision-making dynamics within a firm’s leadership team moderate this effect, such that the relationship between a given CEO’s facial measurements and his firm’s financial performance is stronger in firms with cognitively simple leadership teams.

Sexual attractiveness: Sex differences and overlap in criteria

Women with high sociosexual orientation inventory (SOI) scores may trade signs of willingness to invest for signs of ability to invest, instead of, or in addition to, genetic benefits. The target person's status traits affect women's judgments of sexual/physical attractiveness more than men's. An objective measure of a physical trait such as FA is therefore crucial in untangling the factors affecting women's judgments of attractiveness.