The Equilibrium Relationship between the Unemployment and the Output

Because of rapid development of wireless communication technology, there is an increasing adoption of mobile advertising, such as location based advertising (LBA). To what extent can LBA improve advertising effectiveness is an important topic in the field of wireless communication technology research. Most researches quantify long term impacts of advertisings by VAR (Vector Autoregressive) model. However, compared to VAR model, VECM (Vector Error Correction Model) is a better method in that it allows one to estimate both a long-term equilibrium relationship and a short-term dynamic error correction process. In this study, we employ VECM to explore LBA’s (Location Based Advertising) and PUA’s (Pop-up Advertising) sales impact in both short and long terms. The developed VECM reveals that LBA’s sales impact is about more than2 times as big as PUA’s in short dynamic term and nearly 6 times bigger than PUA’s in long equilibrium term. These findings add to advertising and VECM literatures. These results can give managers more confident to apply wireless communication technology to advertising.

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Study on Dynamic Relationship between Economic Growth and Energy Consumption in Chongqing - Based on 1980-2011 Data

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.448-453.4319 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 448-453 ◽

pp. 4319-4324

Author(s):

Sheng Wang ◽

Chun Yan Dai ◽

En Chuang Wang ◽

Chun Yan Li

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

Economic Development ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Demand ◽

Industrial Structure ◽

Impulse Response Function ◽

Improve Energy Efficiency ◽

Dynamic Relationship ◽

Equilibrium Relationship

Analyzed the dynamic interaction characteristics of Chongqing Economic growth and energy consumption between 1980-2011 based on vector auto regression model, impulse response function. The results showed that: 1 Between the Chongqing's economic growth and energy consumption exist the positive long-term stable equilibrium relationship, Chongqing's economic development depending on energy consumption is too high, to keep the economy in Chongqing's rapid economic development, energy relatively insufficient supply sustainable development must rely on the energy market, which will restrict the development of Chongqing's economy. 2At this stage, Chongqing continuing emphasis on optimizing the industrial structure to improve energy efficiency at the same time, the key is to establish and improve the energy consumption intensity and total energy demand "dual control" under the security system, weakening the energy bottleneck effect on economic growth.

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A model for the thermal regeneration of ion-exchange resins, Part I

Australian Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1071/ch9711979 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 24 (10) ◽

pp. 1979 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

SD Hamann

Keyword(s):

Ion Exchange ◽

Weak Acid ◽

Ion Exchange Resins ◽

Equilibrium Conditions ◽

Thermal Regeneration ◽

Equilibrium Relationship ◽

Acid And Base ◽

Temperature And Pressure ◽

Exchange Resins ◽

Ionization Of Water

A theoretical model has been developed to describe the thermal regeneration of ion-exchange resins in the Sirotherm process1-10 for desalting water. It assumes that the thermal effect is primarily due to the large increase that occurs in the ionization of water when the temperature is raised. The hydrogen and hydroxyl ions compete with salt for exchange sites in the resins and for that reason water, itself, acts as a regenerating acid and base. �� Calculations have been made of the equilibrium conditions, column behaviour, and titration behaviour of mixtures of weak-acid and weak-base resins with aqueous solutions of 1 : 1 and 2 : 2 electrolytes, assuming the systems to obey Donnan's equilibrium relationship. There is satisfactory agreement between the calculated and observed effects of both temperature and pressure.

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أثر محددات الاستثمار في الاقتصاد العراقي للمدة (2004-2018) ، دراسة قياسية

مجلة اقتصاديات الاعمال للبحوث التطبيقية ◽

10.37940/bejar.2021.1.1.6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

مهند المحمدي ◽

محمد الحياني

Keyword(s):

Error Correction ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Economic Thought ◽

Explanatory Variables ◽

Equilibrium Relationship ◽

Cointegration Tests ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Standard Models ◽

Theoretical Foundations

The research aims to measure and analyze the determinants of investment in the Iraqi economy and study the theoretical foundations of investment and analyze the viewpoint of the most important schools of economic thought regarding investment and investment determinants and their effects on economic activity , and by using possible standard models as the results of standard analysis using the joint integration tests of time series . cointegration tests, they have proven the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship according to the methodology of the results of estimating the short and long-term parameters and the error correction parameter(ECM) , it is moving from a set of explanatory variables towards The dependent variable, while the value of the error correction vector coefficient was negative and significant , as it reached (-0.59%) , which means the fulfillment of the two basic conditions in this parameter , namely : its negative value and the statistical significance . This means that (0.59) of the short-term errors are automatically corrected during the unit of time (year) to reach the equilibrium in the long term, meaning that the investment requires about less then a year (1.6) , that is , approximately a year and 6 days to reach its equilibrium value in the long term , In other words , the previous period deviates from the long-term equilibrium and is corrected in the current by (59%) . This indicates that the adjustment in the model was relatively fast .

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تدفقات الاستثمار الأجنبي المباشر وأثره على البطالة في العراق للمدة (2004-2017) دراسة تحليلية باستخدام التكامل المشترك المتزامن

مجلة اقتصاديات الاعمال للبحوث التطبيقية ◽

10.37940/bejar.2021.1.1.17 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

خالد عواد ◽

مهند عبد ◽

بلال اسعد

Keyword(s):

International Trade ◽

Foreign Investment ◽

Economic Liberalization ◽

Unemployment Rates ◽

Equilibrium Relationship ◽

The Impact

This research aims to show the impact of foreign investment inflows into Iraq on changes in unemployment after 2004, in light of the emergence of ideas of globalization in various aspects and the convergence of distances between countries due to the development of knowledge and scientific means of communication and by the policies of economic liberalization and international trade. A long - term equilibrium relationship between foreign investment flows and unemployment, and that changes in unemployment rates explain the change in FDI flows.

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Thermodynamic Analysis of Irreversible Desiccant Systems

Entropy ◽

10.3390/e20080595 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 595 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Niccolò Giannetti ◽

Seiichi Yamaguchi ◽

Andrea Rocchetti ◽

Kiyoshi Saito

Keyword(s):

Control Volume ◽

Ideal Gas ◽

Maximum Efficiency ◽

Working Fluid ◽

Specific System ◽

Equilibrium Relationship ◽

Working Medium ◽

Vapour Mixture ◽

Energy Balances ◽

Relationship Of

A new general thermodynamic mapping of desiccant systems’ performance is conducted to estimate the potentiality and determine the proper application field of the technology. This targets certain room conditions and given outdoor temperature and humidity prior to the selection of the specific desiccant material and technical details of the system configuration. This allows the choice of the operative state of the system to be independent from the limitations of the specific design and working fluid. An expression of the entropy balance suitable for describing the operability of a desiccant system at steady state is obtained by applying a control volume approach, defining sensible and latent effectiveness parameters, and assuming ideal gas behaviour of the air-vapour mixture. This formulation, together with mass and energy balances, is used to conduct a general screening of the system performance. The theoretical advantage and limitation of desiccant dehumidification air conditioning, maximum efficiency for given conditions constraints, least irreversible configuration for a given operative target, and characteristics of the system for a target efficiency can be obtained from this thermodynamic mapping. Once the thermo-physical properties and the thermodynamic equilibrium relationship of the liquid desiccant mixture or solid coating material are known, this method can be applied to a specific technical case to select the most appropriate working medium and guide the specific system design to achieve the target performance.

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Interdependence of stock exchange indices from leading capital markets: USA, Germany and Japan Stock Market

Bizinfo Blace ◽

10.5937/bizinfo2101015m ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 15-28

Author(s):

Milena Marjanović ◽

Ivan Mihailović ◽

Ognjen Dimitrijević

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Financial Markets ◽

Capital Markets ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Impulse Response Function ◽

The United States ◽

Causality Test ◽

Vector Autoregressive ◽

Equilibrium Relationship ◽

The Us

In the context of globalization, due to the accelerated process of economic integration of countries and financial markets, the interdependence of the world's leading financial markets is more than obvious. This paper investigates the interdependence of stock exchange indices from leading capital markets in the world: USA, European Union and Asia. Our intention is to determine the direction of causality between the observed capital markets, as well as whether and in what way shocks in one market are transmitted to other markets. Research methodology includes stationarity testing, the existence of cointegration, the application of the Vector Autoregressive Model (VAR) which is complemented by the Granger causality test and the Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis. The results of the research are as follows. Johansen's cointegration test showed that there is no long-term equilibrium relationship between the observed markets, while Granger's test showed that there is mutual causality between the capital markets of Germany and the United States. As for the Japanese index, previous events in Germany and the United States are statistically significant, but previous events on the Tokyo Stock Exchange cannot explain movements in Germany and the United States. According to the results of the IRF analysis, shocks that may occur in the US market have an almost identical impact on all observed markets. On the other hand, disturbances on the Japanese market are not transmitted to the German and American market, i.e. remain in Japan.

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The long-Run and Short-Run Analysis between Stock Market Index and Macroeconomic Variables in Jordan: Bounds Tests Approach

International Business Research ◽

10.5539/ibr.v12n4p50 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Raed Walid Al-Smadi ◽

Muthana Mohammad Omoush

Keyword(s):

Stock Market ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Stock Exchange ◽

Series Data ◽

Stock Market Index ◽

Macroeconomic Variables ◽

Market Index ◽

Long Run ◽

Equilibrium Relationship ◽

Short Run

This paper investigates the long-run and short-run relationship between stock market index and the macroeconomic variables in Jordan. Annual time series data for the 1978–2017 periods and the ARDL bounding test are used. The results identify long-run equilibrium relationship between stock market index and the macroeconomic variables in Jordan. Jordanian policy makers have to pay more attention to the current regulation in the Amman Stock Exchange(ASE) and manage it well, thus ultimately helping financial development.

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How applicable is export-led growth and import-led growth hypotheses to South African economy?

Journal of Governance and Regulation ◽

10.22495/jgr_v4_i2_p2 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 15-24

Author(s):

Ntebogang Dinah Moroke ◽

Molebogeng Manoto

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

South Africa ◽

Adverse Effect ◽

Time Series ◽

South African ◽

Time Series Data ◽

Series Data ◽

Long Run ◽

Reserve Bank ◽

Equilibrium Relationship

This paper investigated exports, imports and the economic growth nexus in the context of South Africa. The paper sets out to examine if long-run and causal relationships exist between these variables. Quarterly time series data ranging between 1998 and 2013 obtained from the South African Reserve Bank and Quantec databases was employed. Initial data analysis proved that the variables are integrated at their levels. The results further indicated that exports, imports and economic growth are co-integrated, confirming an existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship. Granger causal results were shown running from exports and imports to GDP and from imports to exports, validating export-led and import-led growth hypotheses in South Africa. A significant causality running from imports to exports, suggests that South Africa imported finished goods in excess. If this is not avoided, lots of problems could be caused. A suggestion was made to avoid such problematic issues as they may lead to replaced domestic output and displacement of employees. Another dreadful ramification may be an adverse effect on the economy which may further be experienced in the long-run.

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TRADE AND GROWTH IN A NON‐RECOGNIZED SMALL ISLAND STATE: EVIDENCE FROM THE TURKISH REPUBLIC OF NORTHERN CYPRUS

Journal of Business Economics and Management ◽

10.3846/jbem.202010.06 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 112-130

Author(s):

Salih Katircioglu

Keyword(s):

Economic Growth ◽

International Trade ◽

Small Island ◽

Long Run ◽

Equilibrium Relationship ◽

Island State ◽

Northern Cyprus ◽

Small Island State ◽

Growth Hypothesis ◽

Long Run Equilibrium

This paper empirically investigates long‐run equilibrium relationship and causality between international trade and economic growth in North Cyprus, which has a non‐recognized state and suffers from the Cyprus problem for more than 40 years. Results reveal that long‐run equilibrium relationship exists between international trade variables (exports and imports of goods and services) and economic growth in this small island state. The present study also validates the existence of export‐led growth hypothesis in Northern Cyprus while it rejects the validity of import‐led growth hypothesis. Finally, this study has shown that Turkish Cypriots should improve not only services exports but also merchandise exports in to contribute to its economy further. Santrauka Straipsnyje, remiantis empiriniais duomenimis, tyrinejama ilgalaike pusiausvyra bei priežastinis ryšys tarp tarptautines prekybos ir ekonominio augimo Šiaures Kipre, kuris yra nepripažintas ir kenčia del šios politines problemos daugiau negu 40 metu. Empirinio tyrimo rezultatai leidžia teigti, kad tarp tarptautines prekybos rodikliu (prekiu ir paslaugu eksporto bei importo) bei ekonominio augimo šioje mažoje saloje vyrauja ilgalaike pusiausvyra. Tyrimas patvirtina hipoteze apie eksporto kaip ekonominio augimo veiksnio svarba, bet paneigia importo itaka nagrinejamos mažos šalies pletrai. Autorius ragina skatinti ne tik paslaugu, bet ir produkcijos eksporta norint pasiekti spartesni ekonomikos augimo masta Šiaures Kipre.

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