scholarly journals Investigation of Various Intramuscular Volumes Delivered to the Semimembranosus Muscle of Cavia porcellus

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 310-321
Author(s):  
Michael A Bencivenga ◽  
Philip A Bowling ◽  
Jimmy O Fiallos ◽  
Alicia M Gehling ◽  
Robert G Stafford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Radiocontrast Agent ◽  
Optimal Capacity ◽  
Needle Tract ◽  
Semimembranosus Muscle ◽  
Precision And Accuracy ◽  
Volume Size ◽  
The Ideal

The goal of this study is to provide quantitative data on the ideal volume for intramuscular (IM) injections into the semimembranosus muscle of guinea pigs weighing between 320 to 410 grams. This evaluation comprised 2 experiments. The first was to assess dispersion leakage of intramuscularly injected iohexol, a radiocontrast agent commonly used in Computed Tomography (CT), based on analysis of in vivo imaging. The second used varying volumes of intramuscularly injected sodium chloride (0.9% NaCl) to assess pain and pathology associated with IM injection. Hartley guinea pigs were injected IM with varying volumes of either iohexol or sodium chloride (150, 300, 500, 1000 and 1500 μL). In the iohexol experiment, results suggest IM volumes of 150 and 300 μL remain within the target muscle. In the experiment using sodium chloride, pain and pathology did not increase as IM volume increased. The pathology noted was related to needle tract through the musculature rather than the volume size of the injectate. The results did not reveal a correlation between volume of IM 0.9% NaCl and pain levels. We conclude that volume size correlates more with precision and accuracy of delivery into the intended muscle tissue. Regarding tissue distribution, our findings also suggest that the optimal capacity for IM injection in the semimembranosus muscle should be less than 500 μL.

Methacholine-induced pulmonary gas trapping in guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, and rats

1995 ◽  
Vol 79 (6) ◽  
pp. 2148-2153 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. W. Stengel ◽  
C. A. Yiamouyiannis ◽  
R. L. Obenchain ◽  
S. L. Cockerham ◽  
S. A. Silbaugh
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Airway Obstruction ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Brown Norway ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Gas Trapping ◽  
Airway Responses ◽  
Norway Rats

Postmortem pulmonary gas trapping was investigated as an index of in vivo airway obstruction following methacholine inhalation in four different rodent species. Male guinea pigs (Hartley), hamsters (golden Syrian), mice (A/J, BALB/c, and ICR), and rats (Brown-Norway, Fischer 344, Lewis, and Sprague-Dawley) were exposed to aerosols of methacholine or sodium chloride. Maximum excised lung gas volumes (ELGV) of methacholine-exposed guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, and rats were 2.3–8.7 times those of sodium chloride-treated animals. Mean ELGV values of sodium chloride-exposed animals ranged from 1.50 +/- 0.20 ml/kg for guinea pigs to 2.75 +/- 0.20 ml/kg for Brown-Norway rats. Although all species responded to methacholine, guinea pigs were the most responsive, with approximately 1.6 microgram/kg of inhaled methacholine needed to increase ELGV to 200% of control. Compared with guinea pigs, hamsters, mice, and rats were 11- to 1,395-fold less responsive. Although hamsters, mice, and rats are less sensitive than guinea pigs to the airway-obstructive effects of methacholine, pulmonary gas trapping appears useful as a measure of airway responses in these species.

Involvement of 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Platelet Aggregation In Vivo in Rats and Guinea Pigs

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (03) ◽  
pp. 463-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
G M Smith
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Platelet Adhesion ◽  
Adenosine Diphosphate ◽  
Rate Of Return ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Rat Platelets

SummaryIn this study, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) caused a dose- dependent fall in the circulating platelet count suggesting that 5-HT receptors are activated in rat platelets to cause platelet adhesion and aggregation. When low doses of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) were simultaneously injected with 5-HT, there was a significant potentiation of the responses to ADR Ketanserin significantly reduced the potentiated responses. When higher doses of ADP were infused with bolus injections of 5-HT there was no potentiation and ketanserin did not reduce these responses. Ketanserin did not inhibit the collagen-induced fall in circulating platelet count, but did significantly increase the rate of return to the basal platelet count compared with control. 5-HT did not cause a fall in platelet count in guinea-pigs

Inhibition of Human and Animal Platelet Adhesiveness to Glass Bead Columns by Adenosine, Dipyridamole, Chlorpromazine and Acetylsalicylic Acid

1976 ◽  
Vol 36 (02) ◽  
pp. 401-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Buichi Fujttani ◽  
Toshimichi Tsuboi ◽  
Kazuko Takeno ◽  
Kouichi Yoshida ◽  
Masanao Shimizu
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Acetylsalicylic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Glass Bead ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Rabbit Platelet ◽  
Platelet Adhesiveness

SummaryThe differences among human, rabbit and guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness as for inhibitions by adenosine, dipyridamole, chlorpromazine and acetylsalicylic acid are described, and the influence of measurement conditions on platelet adhesiveness is also reported. Platelet adhesiveness of human and animal species decreased with an increase of heparin concentrations and an increase of flow rate of blood passing through a glass bead column. Human and rabbit platelet adhesiveness was inhibited in vitro by adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine, but not by acetylsalicylic acid. On the other hand, guinea-pig platelet adhesiveness was inhibited by the four drugs including acetylsalicylic acid. In in vivo study, adenosine, dipyridamole and chlorpromazine inhibited platelet adhesiveness in rabbits and guinea-pigs. Acetylsalicylic acid showed the inhibitory effect in guinea-pigs, but not in rabbits.

The Ullrastructure of Platelet Participation in Hemostasis

1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (01) ◽  
pp. 065-083 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shirley A. Johnson ◽  
Ronaldo S. Balboa ◽  
Harlan J. Pederson ◽  
Monica Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Platelet Factor ◽  
Mesenteric Vessels ◽  
Platelet Aggregates ◽  
Electron Lucent

SummaryThe ultrastructure of platelet aggregation in vivo in response to bleeding brought about by transection of small mesenteric vessels in rats and guinea pigs has been studied. Platelets aggregate, degranulate and separating membranes disappear in parallel with fibrin appearance which is first seen at several loci after 30 seconds of bleeding. About 40 per cent of the electron opaque granules, some of which contain platelet factor 3 have disappeared after one minute of bleeding while the electron lucent granules increase by 70 per cent suggesting that some of them may be empty vesicles. Most of the platelet aggregates of the random type disappear leaving clumped red blood cells entrapped by a network of fibrin fibers which emanate from the remains of platelet aggregates of the rosette type to maintain hemostasis.

scholarly journals Interfollicular epidermal stem-like cells for the recreation of the hair follicle epithelial compartment

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla M. Abreu ◽  
Rogério P. Pirraco ◽  
Rui L. Reis ◽  
Mariana T. Cerqueira ◽  
Alexandra P. Marques
Keyword(s):  
Hair Follicle ◽  
Cell Sorting ◽  
Dermal Papilla ◽  
Epidermal Keratinocytes ◽  
Sebaceous Glands ◽  
Phenotypic Profile ◽  
Cell Source ◽  
Epithelial Compartment ◽  
The Ideal

Abstract Background Hair follicle (HF) development and growth are dependent on epithelial-mesenchymal interactions (EMIs). Dermal papilla (DP) cells are recognized as the key inductive mesenchymal player, but the ideal source of receptive keratinocytes for human HF regeneration is yet to be defined. We herein investigated whether human interfollicular epidermal keratinocytes with stem-like features (EpSlKCs), characterized by a α6bri/CD71dim expression, can replace human hair follicular keratinocytes (HHFKCs) for the recreation of the HF epithelium and respective EMIs. Methods The α6bri/CD71dim cellular fraction was selected from the whole interfollicular keratinocyte population through fluorescence-activated cell sorting and directly compared with follicular keratinocytes in terms of their proliferative capacity and phenotype. The crosstalk with DP cells was studied in an indirect co-culture system, and EpSlKC hair forming capacity tested in a hair reconstitution assay when combined with DP cells. Results EpSlKCs exhibited a phenotypic profile similar to follicular keratinocytes and were capable of increasing DP cell proliferation and, for short co-culture times, the number of alkaline phosphatase-active cells, suggesting an improvement of their inductivity. Moreover, the recreation of immature HFs and sebaceous glands was observed after EpSlKC and DP cell co-grafting in nude mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that EpSlKCs are akin to follicular keratinocytes and can crosstalk with DP cells, contributing to HF morphogenesis in vivo, thus representing an attractive epithelial cell source for hair regeneration strategies.

scholarly journals Comparative studies on Salmonella typhi grown in vivo and in vitro III. The immunizing potencies of acetone-killed vaccines prepared from in vivo and in vitro grown bacteria and the immunizing potency of substances isolated from infected organs

1963 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Olitzki ◽  
Dina Godinger
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Studies ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Peritoneal Fluid ◽  
Parent Strain ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Challenge Strain

1. Salmonella typhi, strain Ty2, grown in vivo and employed as acetone-dried vaccine possessed a higher immunizing potency than the descendants of the same parent strain grown in vitro and employed as vaccine.2. When 2 × 108in vitro-grown bacteria were employed as challenge, the immunizing effects of both types of vaccine were more marked than after administration of 2 × 108in vivo-grown bacteria as challenge.3. The higher potency of the in vivo-grown vaccine was apparent in all experiments, whether the challenge strain was grown in vivo or in vitro.4. Immunogenic substances were isolated from infected organs of mice and guinea-pigs, and an immunogenic substance from the peritoneal fluid of the infected guinea-pigs was concentrated by precipitation with ethanol.

scholarly journals EVIDENCE THAT THE L-ASPARAGINASE OF GUINEA PIG SERUM IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ITS ANTILYMPHOMA EFFECTS

1963 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Broome
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Serum Proteins ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Salt Precipitation ◽  
Asparaginase Activity ◽  
Pig Serum

A number of the properties of the L-asparaginase present in guinea pig serum have been examined and shown to be indistinguishable from those of the agent responsible for inhibiting cells of lymphoma 6C3HED in vivo. The patterns of instability of the enzyme to changes in temperature and pH were found to parallel closely those of the antilymphoma agent. L-Asparaginase activity was essentially absent from the serum of newborn guinea pigs and this failed to inhibit 6C3HED cells. On separating guinea pig serum proteins by salt precipitation, electrophoresis, and chromatography on DEAE cellulose, antilymphoma activity was found only in fractions which contained L-asparaginase.

Paradoxical effect of salbutamol in a model of acute organophosphates intoxication in guinea pigs: role of substance P release

2007 ◽  
Vol 292 (4) ◽  
pp. L915-L923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Chávez ◽  
Patricia Segura ◽  
Mario H. Vargas ◽  
José Luis Arreola ◽  
Edgar Flores-Soto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contraction ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Intracellular Ca ◽  
Neurokinin 1 ◽  
Substance P Release

Organophosphates induce bronchoobstruction in guinea pigs, and salbutamol only transiently reverses this effect, suggesting that it triggers additional obstructive mechanisms. To further explore this phenomenon, in vivo (barometric plethysmography) and in vitro (organ baths, including ACh and substance P concentration measurement by HPLC and immunoassay, respectively; intracellular Ca2+ measurement in single myocytes) experiments were performed. In in vivo experiments, parathion caused a progressive bronchoobstruction until a plateau was reached. Administration of salbutamol during this plateau decreased bronchoobstruction up to 22% in the first 5 min, but thereafter airway obstruction rose again as to reach the same intensity as before salbutamol. Aminophylline caused a sustained decrement (71%) of the parathion-induced bronchoobstruction. In in vitro studies, paraoxon produced a sustained contraction of tracheal rings, which was fully blocked by atropine but not by TTX, ω-conotoxin (CTX), or epithelium removal. During the paraoxon-induced contraction, salbutamol caused a temporary relaxation of ∼50%, followed by a partial recontraction. This paradoxical recontraction was avoided by the M2- or neurokinin-1 (NK1)-receptor antagonists (methoctramine or AF-DX 116, and L-732138, respectively), accompanied by a long-lasting relaxation. Forskolin caused full relaxation of the paraoxon response. Substance P and, to a lesser extent, ACh released from tracheal rings during 60-min incubation with paraoxon or physostigmine, respectively, were significantly increased when salbutamol was administered in the second half of this period. In myocytes, paraoxon did not produce any change in the intracellular Ca2+ basal levels. Our results suggested that: 1) organophosphates caused smooth muscle contraction by accumulation of ACh released through a TTX- and CTX-resistant mechanism; 2) during such contraction, salbutamol relaxation is functionally antagonized by the stimulation of M2 receptors; and 3) after this transient salbutamol-induced relaxation, a paradoxical contraction ensues due to the subsequent release of substance P.

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