Assessment of fire blight resistance in apple clonal rootstocks using molecular markers

Background. Clonal apple rootstocks are one of the main components of intensive gardening. The degree of rootstock damage by fire blight affects the resistance of the variety–rootstock combination. The paper presents a study on marking quantitative trait loci (QTL) of resistance to fire blight Erwinia amylovora in clonal apple rootstock.Materials and methods. A collection of 20 rootstock forms was analyzed. For the study, SCAR markers GE-8019, AE10-375 and microsatellite marker CH-F7-FB1 were used.Results. Polymorphism was observed for all three markers, and their various combinations in one genotype were revealed. It was previously noted that genotypes that carry all three markers were more resistant than those that lack them. The presence of all three markers was observed only in forms 62-396 (В10), 16-1 and 2-9-102. The other genotypes did not have the GE8019 marker. The AE10-375 marker was identified in eight clonal rootstocks. Microsatellite marker CH-F7-FB1 was present in all tested rootstocks. However, polymorphism was detected there. Most genotypes had a 174 bp fragment, but a 210 bp fragment was identified in two of the 20 forms. Clonal rootstock 70-20-21 proved heterozygous for this marker. The analyzed collection also included samples that had only the microsatellite marker: G16, Malysh Budagovskogo, Paradizka Budagovskogo (B9), 54-118 (В118), 57-491, 70-20-20 (В119), 70-20-21, 71-7-22, 76-3-6, 83-1-15, 87-7-12, and 2-12-10. The study of rootstock forms on the basis of resistance to metabolites of the fire blight pathogen was carried out under laboratory conditions using the E. amylovora culture filtrate in vitro on leaf explants. Most of the studied genotypes had different combinations of markers. However, the experiments showed that forms 62-396 and 14-1 with two out of three markers (AE10-375 and CH-F7-FB1) phenotypically manifested the trait of resistance to metabolites of E. amylovora.

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Fire Blight Resistance of Budagovsky 9 Apple Rootstock

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-92-3-0385 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 92 (3) ◽

pp. 385-391 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nicole L. Russo ◽

Terence L. Robinson ◽

Gennaro Fazio ◽

Herb S. Aldwinckle

Keyword(s):

Fire Blight ◽

Erwinia Amylovora ◽

Growth Habit ◽

Blight Resistance ◽

Apple Rootstock ◽

Apple Rootstocks ◽

Phenotypic Differences ◽

Age Related ◽

Multiple Trials ◽

High Level

Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, can cause a fatal infection of apple rootstocks known as rootstock blight. Budagovsky 9 (B.9) apple rootstock is reported to be highly susceptible when inoculated with E. amylovora, although results from multiple trials showed that B.9 is resistant to rootstock blight infection in field plantings. Conflicting results could stem from genetic variation in the B.9 population, appearing as phenotypic differences in rootstock material. However, genetic testing, using 23 microsatellite loci, confirmed the clonal uniformity of B.9 in commerce. Variation in growth habit between B.9 rootstocks originating from two nurseries also has been discounted as a source of disease resistance. Instead, results indicate a possible novel resistance phenotype in B.9 rootstock. B.9 rootstock was susceptible to leaf inoculation by E. amylovora, statistically similar to the susceptible rootstock Malling 9 (M.9). Conversely, inoculation assays targeting woody 4- to 5-year-old tissue revealed a high level of resistance in B.9, whereas M.9 remained susceptible. Although the mechanism by which B.9 gains resistance to E. amylovora is unknown, it is reminiscent of age-related resistance, due to an observed gain of resistance in woody rootstock tissue over succulent shoot tissue. Durable fire blight resistance correlated with tissue development could be a valuable tool for rootstock breeders.

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Testing the virulence of some Hungarian Erwinia amylovora strains on in vitro cultured apple rootstocks

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/6/4/223 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. Hevesi ◽

J. Papp ◽

E. Jámbor-Benczúr ◽

K. Kaszáné Csizmár ◽

I. Pozsgai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Host Plants ◽

Fire Blight ◽

Erwinia Amylovora ◽

Disease Development ◽

Apple Rootstocks ◽

Disease Rating ◽

Different Strains

A useful method was improved to test and to evaluate the susceptibility of plants to fire blight and the virulence of E. amylovora strains. Six Hungarian strains from different host plants were tested on in vitro cultured apple rootstocks. Disease rating was used for the characterization of the process of disease development. The different strains had different capacity to cause disease, mainly in the first period of incubation. There were significant differences between the virulence of the strains.

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Effect of kasugamycin, oxytetracycline, and streptomycin on in-orchard population dynamics of Erwinia amylovora on apple flower stigmas

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-07-20-1469-re ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suzanne Slack ◽

Kellie J Walters ◽

Cory Outwater ◽

George W. Sundin

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Fire Blight ◽

Erwinia Amylovora ◽

Disease Incidence ◽

Population Data ◽

Antibiotic Activity ◽

The Other ◽

Control Efficacy ◽

Weather Parameters

We assessed the effect of three antibiotics (streptomycin, oxytetracycline, and kasugamycin) on populations of the fire blight pathogen Erwinia amylovora on apple flower stigmas during three field seasons. Timing of application relative to E. amylovora presence on flower stigmas had little impact on both population dynamics and subsequent disease incidence. While E. amylovora populations on water-treated flowers increased to 106-7 cfu flower-1 after 4-5 days in each experiment, the antibiotics streptomycin and kasugamycin caused statistically-significant reductions of stigma populations by as many as 4-5 logs over a 4-5 day period in two of the three experiments. In contrast, the effect of oxytetracycline on E. amylovora populations on stigmas was more variable, with reductions in E. amylovora populations only observed in one of the three experiments. In agreement with the population data, disease incidence was significantly higher on oxytetracycline-treated flowers compared to the other antibiotic treatments in two of three years. Statistical analyses of effects of weather parameters on antibiotic activity revealed that solar radiation and temperature negatively impacted the activity of both kasugamycin and oxytetracycline. We further assessed the potential for photodegradation of formulated kasugamycin (Kasumin 2L, Arysta LifeSciences), and found that Kasumin 2L was susceptible to degradation in vitro after exposure to a 16-hr photoperiod of daily light integrals (DLIs) varying from 6 to 35 mol·m–2·d–1. We further determined that exposure to three consecutive 16-hr photoperiods of DLIs of 23 or 35 mol·m–2·d–1 reduced the available concentration of Kasumin 2L (assessed using a bioassay) from 100 g ml-1 to 10-20 g ml-1. Our results correlate the superior blossom blight control efficacy of kasugamycin and streptomycin to significant population reductions of E. amylovora on apple flower stigmas but indicate that, similar to oxytetracycline, kasugamycin is vulnerable to photodegradation which would suggest that further considerations should be made when applying this antibiotic.

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RESISTANCE OF APPLE ROOTSTOCKS TO FIRE BLIGHT CAUSED BY ERWINIA AMYLOVORA

Acta Horticulturae ◽

10.17660/actahortic.2004.658.56 ◽

2004 ◽

pp. 387-390 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

B.H. Barritt ◽

B.S. Konishi ◽

M.A. Dilley ◽

L. Pusey

Keyword(s):

Fire Blight ◽

Erwinia Amylovora ◽

Apple Rootstocks

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Comparative analyses of stevioside between fresh leaves and in-vitro derived callus tissue from Stevia rebaudiana Bert. using HPLC

Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research ◽

10.3329/bjsir.v49i4.22621 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 49 (4) ◽

pp. 199-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S Mahmud ◽

S Akter ◽

IA Jahan ◽

S Khan ◽

A Khaleque ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retention Time ◽

Callus Tissue ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Leaf Explants ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Poor Performance ◽

The Other ◽

Ms Medium ◽

Green Callus

A protocol was developed to produce large amount of callus in short a period of time from leaf explants of Stevia rebaudiana Bert. The highest amount of white callus was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/l 2, 4-D and 0.5 mg/l BAP after 3 weeks of inoculating leaf segments. On the other hand, 0.5 mg/l BAP and 1.0 mg/l Kn exhibits poor performance towards callus formation while after using 1.0 mg/l Kn alone did not develop any callus. In this experiment, highest amount of green callus was obtained when MS medium supplemented with 2.5 mg/l NAA and 10% coconut water was used. An improved analytical method HPLC was applied to analyze stevioside extracted from the leaf and callus of Stevia rebaudiana. The stevioside in each sample were analyzed by comparing their retention times with those of the standards. The retention time (RT) of stevioside for leaves were found 14.96 and for callus 13.81 mins. The percentage of stevioside content from leaves and callus was 12.19% and 12.62% respectively DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i4.22621 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(4), 199-204, 2014

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Growth and Acclimation of In Vitro-Propagated M9 Apple Rootstock Plantlets under Various Visible Light Spectrums

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10071017 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1017

Author(s):

Guem-Jae Chung ◽

Jin-Hui Lee ◽

Myung-Min Oh

Keyword(s):

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Blue Light ◽

Photosynthetic Rate ◽

Light Quality ◽

Red Light ◽

High Ratio ◽

The Other ◽

Ex Vitro ◽

Apple Rootstock

This study aimed to explore the suitable light quality condition for ex vitro acclimation of M9 apple plantlets. Light quality treatments were set as followed; monochromatic LEDs (red (R), green (G), blue (B)) and polychromatic LEDs (R:B = 7:3, 8:2 and 9:1; R:G:B = 6:1:3, 7:1:2 and 8:1:1). Plant height of R, R9B1, and R8G1B1 treatments were significantly higher than the other treatments. The number of leaves and SPAD value of B were significantly higher than the other treatments. Root fresh weights of R9B1 and R7G1B2 treatments showed an increase of at least 1.7-times compared to R, G and R8B2. R8G1B1 accumulated higher starch contents than the other treatments. Photosynthetic rate of R9B1 and R8B2 were significantly higher than the other treatments. In terms of stomatal conductance and transpiration rate, treatments with high blue ratio such as B, R7B3 had higher values. Rubisco concentration was high in R and B among monochromatic treatments. In conclusion, red light was effective to increase photosynthetic rate and biomass and blue light increased chlorophyll content and stomatal conductance. Therefore, for R9B1 and R8G1B1, a mixture of high ratio of red light with a little blue light would be proper for the acclimation of in vitro-propagated apple rootstock M9 plantlets to an ex vitro environment.

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Susceptibility of some traditional pear cultivars of Hungarian and foreign origin to the pathogenic bacterium Erwinia amylovora

International Journal of Horticultural Science ◽

10.31421/ijhs/10/3/506 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K. Honty ◽

M. Hevesi ◽

M. Göndör ◽

G. Tóth M. ◽

V. Bács-Várkuti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fire Blight ◽

Erwinia Amylovora ◽

Control Measure ◽

Unknown Origin ◽

The Other ◽

High Susceptibility ◽

Resistant Cultivars ◽

Susceptibility To Infection ◽

Prospective Control ◽

Complete Resistance

Fire blight, a disease caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., has been causing serious damage in Hungarian pear plantations since 1996. A prospective control measure could be the use of resistant cultivars. For that purpose ten pear cultivars have been tested under laboratory and greenhouse conditions for resistance to Erwinia amylovora strains collected in Hungary. Six of these cultivars are Hungarian ones of unknown origin, while four are traditional old varieties. Resistant cultivars should serve as germplasm for future breeding. Inoculations were made with a mixture of different pear isolates of the bacteria collected from various growing regions of Hungary (Ea 21, 23), at a density of 5x108 cells/ml. Susceptibility/resistance has been assessed on the basis of intensity of blight symptoms observed on shoots, flower parts and fruits. Cultivars were assigned to three susceptibility groups (low, moderate and high). Complete resistance was not found among the cultivars tested. The highest level of resistance was found in cultivar 'Kieffer', while the other cultivars displayed either moderate or high susceptibility to infection.

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Management of Erwinia amylovora by Potential Bio-Pesticides in vitro and in vivo Conditions

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v8isp1.38-45.3933 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (sp1) ◽

pp. 38-45

Author(s):

Kubilay Kurtulus Bastas

Keyword(s):

Fire Blight ◽

Erwinia Amylovora ◽

Shoot Length ◽

Absolute Methanol ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Thymus Vulgaris ◽

Blight Disease ◽

Santa Maria

Erwinia amylovora, the causative agent of fire blight disease, threatens a lot of species of the Rosaceae family. Antibiotics and copper compounds in chemical applications are most frequently are applied, but these can be phytotoxic and cause resistant strains of the pathogen. In our experiments, 20 herbal materials were tested for their antimicrobial effectiveness against the fire blight pathogen in vitro and in planta. The air-dried plants ground into fine powder and extraction was performed at room temperature by maceration with 80% (v/v) methanol/distilled water. The minimum inhibitory concentration values were determined by using disc diffusion method and streptomycin was used as control in all experiments. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring the inhibition zones in reference to the pathogen. Among the tested plants, Szygium aromaticum, Thymus vulgaris and Rhus cararia showed a good antibacterial activity and they inhibited the growth of E. amylovora with inhibition zone diameter ranging from 21 to 27 mm at 20% (w/v) in absolute methanol compared to streptomycin (31 mm) in vitro conditions. In vivo tests were performed by using highly virulent E. amylovora isolate (Eak24b, 91%) grown on TSA medium and inoculation on young shoots of 3-year-old Gala variety of apple and Santa Maria variety of pear seedlings at 107 CFU ml-1 density of the pathogen. Disease severity (%) was assessed by by proportion of blighted shoot length to the whole shoot length and also efficacy of the extracts was determined by using Abbott formula. The highest efficacy was obtained by S. aromaticum and T. vulgaris extracts of reducing shoot blight of cv. Gala and cv. Santa Maria by 67.81% - 64-12% and 51.50% - 51.04% ratios, respectively. Obtaining results showed that some medicinal and aromatic plant extracts might be used against fire blight disease as potential new generation chemicals on pome fruits within integrated and organic control programs.

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Qualitative and Quantitative Evaluation of Active Constituents in Callus of Lavandula angustifolia plant in Vitro

Baghdad Science Journal ◽

10.21123/bsj.2020.17.2(si).0591 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2(SI)) ◽

pp. 0591

Author(s):

Zainab Salman et al.

Keyword(s):

Leaf Explants ◽

Volatile Oil ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Lavandula Angustifolia ◽

Qualitative And Quantitative ◽

Main Components ◽

Callus Tissues

This study was conducted to describe a protocol for the callus establishing culture of Lavandula angustifolia plant and estimating their content of volatile oil. The quantity of volatile oil callus tissues was compared with that of leaves production. Callus was induced from leaf explants on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) supplemented with Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and Benzyl adenine (BA) in different concentrations. Maximum callus fresh weight was obtained in the combination of 10 mg/L BA and 3 mg/L NAA which reached 18 g after four weeks. The results of this work showed that the quantity of volatile oil from the highest fresh weight callus was 6 ml compared with quantity of 18g of leaves which gave 0.5 ml. Volatile oil of leaf and callus extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography mass spectrometry method (GC-MS) which showed linoleic acid (56.61%) and oleic acid (57.93%) as main components.

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Assessment of the Effects of Newly Fabricated CaO, CuO, ZnO Nanoparticles on Callus Formation Maintainance of Alfalfa (Medicago Sativa L.) Under In Vitro Salt Stress

10.21203/rs.3.rs-314355/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Merve Simsek ◽

Busra Yazicilar ◽

Fatma Boke ◽

Hayrunisa Nadaroglu ◽

Azize Alayli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Salt Stress ◽

Callus Induction ◽

Callus Formation ◽

Leaf Explants ◽

Nacl Stress ◽

The Other ◽

Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽

Zno Nps ◽

Induction Stage

Abstract Nanoparticules plays an important role in plant adaptation to abiotic stress, especially in response to salt stress. In this study, two alfalfa lines (Erzurum, and Muş) were used as the material for the response NaCl to CuO, ZnO and CaO nanoparticules (NPs). CaO is evident to be higher effective than CuO, ZnO in callus induction from leaf explants. The antioxidant enzyme activities were also determined in the callus cultures. The maximum activity in MDA analysis was observed from callus treated of 50 mM NaCl with 0.8 ppm CuO NPs. The callus induction stage without salt treatments indicated a best result in 0.8 ppm CaO NPs for H2O2 value compared to the other NPs. The callus induction stage without salt treatments indicated a best result in 0.8 ppm CaO NPs for POD value compared to the other NPs for POD activity. The best response in protein rate was obtained from callus induction stage and callus formation stage after 50 mM treatment NaCl with 0.8 ppm CuO. LSCM analysis evident that the NPs could migitate the negative effects of NaCl stress by the elimination of stress severity in callus cells. SEM analysis was supported the results obtained by LSCM analysis. Our findings suggest that CuO, CaO and ZnO NPs can offer a simple and effective method to protect alfalfa callus from NaCl stress severity.

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