Aufsummierte Tora

2011 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Karin Finsterbusch
Keyword(s):  
Book Of The Covenant ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
First Time

This article studies how the word Torah is used in the Pentateuch to designate a collection of laws. In Deuteronomy – originally an independent composition – “Torah” is used for the first time as a designation of a substantial collection of laws. When Deuteronomy was integrated into the Pentateuch this deuteronomic signification of “Torah” changed: According to Exod 24:12, God gives on Mt. Sinai to Moses. Based on the key terms and , the adressees of the Pentateuch could only understand this Sinai-Torah as refering to Exod 25:1–31:17; Lev 1–27; Deut 5:1b–26:16; the blessings and curses of Deut 28; and the song of Deut 32. The Torah containing these passages forms the basis of the covenant in Moab (Deuteronomy 29–30) and is written down by Moses according to Deut 31:9, 24. This “Moabite” Torah Book is placed in the Pentateuch next to the “Book of the Covenant” which is written down by Moses as well (Exod 24:7) and which provides the basis for the covenant formed on Mt. Sinai.

The Small State Challenge

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Corbett ◽  
Wouter Veenendaal
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Institutional Design ◽  
Small States ◽  
Small State ◽  
Informal Politics ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
First Time

Chapter 1 introduces the main arguments of the book; outlines the approach, method, and data; defines key terms; and provides a chapter outline. Global theories of democratization have systematically excluded small states, which make up roughly 20 per cent of countries. These cases debunk mainstream theories of why democratization succeeds or fails. This book brings small states into the comparative politics fold for the first time. It is organized thematically, with each chapter tackling one of the main theories from the democratization literature. Different types of data are examined—case studies and other documentary evidence, interviews and observation. Following an abductive approach, in addition to examining the veracity of existing theory, each chapter is also used to build an explanation of how democracy is practiced in small states. Specifically, we highlight how small state politics is shaped by personalization and informal politics, rather than formal institutional design.

Commercial Law

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Baskind ◽  
Greg Osborne ◽  
Lee Roach
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Regular Case ◽  
Commercial Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
First Time

Commercial Law offers a fresh, modern, and stimulating account of the subject, thereby helping students better understand this important area of law. It provides thorough coverage of all key aspects of the syllabus, including the law of agency, the sale of goods, international trade, and methods of payment, finance, and security. A range of learning features is employed throughout the book to encourage understanding of the law, and to demonstrate how the principles behind it play out in practical domestic and international commercial transactions. Practical, fictional case studies are referred to in example boxes throughout the book, demonstrating the types of legal issues and problems that the law is intended to regulate, and helping students to understand the context and practical application of the law. The book includes: regular case boxes throughout the text to highlight cases of importance, providing a succinct account of the material facts of the case, a clear account of the court’s decision and reasoning, and, where appropriate, commentary on the decision; key legislation boxes to help students understand which statutory provisions are of fundamental importance; and definitions of key terms, which appear in the margins the first time the term is used, thus ensuring that students are not confused by the terminology of the subject.

The (Revised) Birth of Negritude: Communist Revolution and “the Immanent Negro” in 1935

PMLA ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 125 (3) ◽  
pp. 743-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Black Writers ◽  
Single Issue ◽  
Native Land ◽  
Communist Revolution ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
First Time ◽  
Leopold Sedar Senghor

For Several Decades, Scholars have Believed, for Lack of Evidence to the Contrary, That Négritude—One of the Key Terms of identity formation in the twentieth century—appeared in print for the first time in Aimé Césaire's Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (Notebook of a Return to the Native Land), in 1939. This consensus reflects a revision of what the cofounders (with Césaire) of the negritude movement, Léopold Sédar Senghor and Léon Damas, had remembered and stated. Senghor said in 1959 that “the word [négritude] was invented by Césaire in an article in the newspaper that bore the title L'Etudiant noir” (qtd. in Ako 347). In an interview published in 1980, Damas said, “Césaire coined this word in L'Etudiant noir” (qtd. in Ako 348). But L‘étudiant noir was a phantom. Lilyan Kesteloot, in her groundbreaking study Black Writers in French, attempted to summarize the content of L‘étudiant noir without seeing a single issue of it; none was available to her (84n2).

scholarly journals Semantic Contents of the Theory of Intersubjective Management Name

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-133
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Moiseeva
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Empirical Methods ◽  
Problem Statement ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Analogy Problem ◽  
Key Terms ◽  
First Time ◽  
Further Development

The theme of the study is to identify the meaning of the terms that used in the name of the intersubjective management theory, which can be interpreted in different ways. At the stage of the formation of innovative approaches to management, multiple interpretations and discrepancies in understanding the basic principles of the theory can have a negative value. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to reduce the ambiguity of the interpretation of the terms used, starting with the name of the new approach itself. The applied theoretical and empirical methods include analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, formalization, induction, deduction, analogy, problem statement, and literature research. The obtained results consist of the fact that for the first time an analysis and comparison of the definitions of the basic concepts included in the name of the theory of intersubjective management and presented in the scientific literature and dictionaries are carried out. On the basis of existing concepts, new definitions are given and new meaning is presented, embedded in the name by the author of the theory and shared by followers. The stated concept will help to understand the meaning of key terms for researchers (for the further development of the theory) and actors (for practical application).

Annulate lamellae in the Sertoli cells of guinea pig testis after unilateral torsion of the spermatic cord

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 196-197
Author(s):  
J. Chakraborty ◽  
A. P. Sinha Hikim ◽  
J. S. Jhunjhunwala
Keyword(s):  
Sertoli Cells ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Spermatic Cord ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Annulate Lamellae ◽  
Spermatogenic Cells ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
First Time

Although the presence of annulate lamellae was noted in many cell types, including the rat spermatogenic cells, this structure was never reported in the Sertoli cells of any rodent species. The present report is based on a part of our project on the effect of torsion of the spermatic cord to the contralateral testis. This paper describes for the first time, the fine structural details of the annulate lamellae in the Sertoli cells of damaged testis from guinea pigs.One side of the spermatic cord of each of six Hartly strain adult guinea pigs was surgically twisted (540°) under pentobarbital anesthesia (1). Four months after induction of torsion, animals were sacrificed, testes were excised and processed for the light and electron microscopic investigations. In the damaged testis, the majority of seminiferous tubule contained a layer of Sertoli cells with occasional spermatogonia (Fig. 1). Nuclei of these Sertoli cells were highly pleomorphic and contained small chromatinic clumps adjacent to the inner aspect of the nuclear envelope (Fig. 2).

Electron spectroscopic imaging and diffraction

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 706-707
Author(s):  
M. Rühle ◽  
J. Mayer ◽  
J.C.H. Spence ◽  
J. Bihr ◽  
W. Probst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Materials Science ◽  
Electron Spectroscopic Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Filter ◽  
Magnetic Imaging ◽  
Illumination System ◽  
Probe Size ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Fritz Haber ◽  
Koehler Illumination ◽  
First Time

A new Zeiss TEM with an imaging Omega filter is a fully digitized, side-entry, 120 kV TEM/STEM instrument for materials science. The machine possesses an Omega magnetic imaging energy filter (see Fig. 1) placed between the third and fourth projector lens. Lanio designed the filter and a prototype was built at the Fritz-Haber-Institut in Berlin, Germany. The imaging magnetic filter allows energy-filtered images or diffraction patterns to be recorded without scanning using efficient area detection. The energy dispersion at the exit slit (Fig. 1) results in ∼ 1.5 μm/eV which allows imaging with energy windows of ≤ 10 eV. The smallest probe size of the microscope is 1.6 nm and the Koehler illumination system is used for the first time in a TEM. Serial recording of EELS spectra with a resolution < 1 eV is possible. The digital control allows X,Y,Z coordinates and tilt settings to be stored and later recalled.

A Novel TEM Technique for Characterizing As-Grown CVD Diamond Films

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 956-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z.L. Wang ◽  
J. Bentley ◽  
R.E. Clausing ◽  
L. Heatherly ◽  
L.L. Horton
Keyword(s):  
Diamond Films ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Growth Direction ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Growth Surface ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
First Time ◽  
Microstructural Studies

Microstructural studies by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of diamond films grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) usually involve tedious specimen preparation. This process has been avoided with a technique that is described in this paper. For the first time, thick as-grown diamond films have been examined directly in a conventional TEM without thinning. With this technique, the important microstructures near the growth surface have been characterized. An as-grown diamond film was fractured on a plane containing the growth direction. It took about 5 min to prepare a sample. For TEM examination, the film was tilted about 30-45° (see Fig. 1). Microstructures of the diamond grains on the top edge of the growth face can be characterized directly by transmitted electron bright-field (BF) and dark-field (DF) images and diffraction patterns.

A microscopic marker experiment study on high temperature oxidation of Ni-Al alloy

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 514-515
Author(s):  
Shou-kong Fan
Keyword(s):  
Transport Mechanism ◽  
High Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Al Alloy ◽  
Metal Interface ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Temperature Oxidation ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
First Time

Transmission and analytical electron microscopic studies of scale microstructures and microscopic marker experiments have been carried out in order to determine the transport mechanism in the oxidation of Ni-Al alloy. According to the classical theory, the oxidation of nickel takes place by transport of Ni cations across the scale forming new oxide at the scale/gas interface. Any markers deposited on the Ni surface are expected to remain at the scale/metal interface after oxidation. This investigation using TEM transverse section techniques and deposited microscopic markers shows a different result,which indicates that a considerable amount of oxygen was transported inward. This is the first time that such fine-scale markers have been coupled with high resolution characterization instruments such as TEM/STEM to provide detailed information about evolution of oxide scale microstructure.

Direct imaging of charge transfer

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 680-681
Author(s):  
Yimei Zhu ◽  
J. Tafto
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Scattering Amplitude ◽  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Image Charge ◽  
Net Charge ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Electron Holes ◽  
First Time

The electron holes confined to the CuO2-plane are the charge carriers in high-temperature superconductors, and thus, the distribution of charge plays a key role in determining their superconducting properties. While it has been known for a long time that in principle, electron diffraction at low angles is very sensitive to charge transfer, we, for the first time, show that under a proper TEM imaging condition, it is possible to directly image charge in crystals with a large unit cell. We apply this new way of studying charge distribution to the technologically important Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ superconductors.Charged particles interact with the electrostatic potential, and thus, for small scattering angles, the incident particle sees a nuclei that is screened by the electron cloud. Hence, the scattering amplitude mainly is determined by the net charge of the ion. Comparing with the high Z neutral Bi atom, we note that the scattering amplitude of the hole or an electron is larger at small scattering angles. This is in stark contrast to the displacements which contribute negligibly to the electron diffraction pattern at small angles because of the short g-vectors.

Recent developments in low-voltage SEM of polymers

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 866-867
Author(s):  
S.J. Krause ◽  
W.W. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Low Voltage ◽  
Chromatic Aberration ◽  
Thermal Electron ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Beam Currents ◽  
New Generation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Voltage Scanning ◽  
Beam Damage

Over the past decade low voltage scanning electron microscopy (LVSEM) of polymers has evolved from an interesting curiosity to a powerful analytical technique. This development has been driven by improved instrumentation and in particular, reliable field emission gun (FEG) SEMs. The usefulness of LVSEM has also grown because of an improved theoretical and experimental understanding of sample-beam interactions and by advances in sample preparation and operating techniques. This paper will review progress in polymer LVSEM and present recent results and developments in the field.In the early 1980s a new generation of SEMs produced beam currents that were sufficient to allow imaging at low voltages from 5keV to 0.5 keV. Thus, for the first time, it became possible to routinely image uncoated polymers at voltages below their negative charging threshold, the "second crossover", E2 (Fig. 1). LVSEM also improved contrast and reduced beam damage in sputter metal coated polymers. Unfortunately, resolution was limited to a few tenths of a micron due to the low brightness and chromatic aberration of thermal electron emission sources.

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