scholarly journals Predicted Affinity Ratio between Asphalt Binder and Aggregate

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 134-144
Author(s):  
Abdulrahman Marwan Tareq ◽  
Abdulhaq Hadi Abedali
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Adhesive Bond ◽  
Binder System ◽  
Adhesion Bond ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Bottle Test ◽  
Time Required

Affinity is a term used to describe the amount of the adhesion bond between asphalt binder and aggregate. Adhesion force may be used as indicator to the amount of energy or work required to breakdown the adhesive bond between asphalt binder and aggregate. In order to study affinity between asphalt binder and aggregate, a modified device is manufacture locally similar to Rolling Bottle Test (RBT) to Predicted the degree of affinity between asphalt binder and aggregate; taking into consideration mineral composition with physical properties of asphalt binder to measure required force to separate asphalt binder from aggregate surface. In this study, suggest new parameters to represent the stripping or affinity phenomena (affinity and stripping ratio) and the time required to make balance between them. From the experimental work result, the affinity ratio of aggregate brought from Dohuk region was 52 % after 24hr of rolling time period which is less than other type because of its mineral composition (high percent of calcite and dolomite which increase ability to resist stripping), pore size and stiffness of aggregate particle. In other hand, the stripping ratio of aggregate brought from al-Taji quarry was 80% after 24hr of rolling time which represent worse case in affinity of aggregate-asphalt binder system due to increased percent of quartz in mineral composition (greater than 80%) and so reduced ability of aggregate to resist stripping  

Clinical Update: Functional Capacity Evaluations—An Update

1999 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 4-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Welch
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Functional Capacity ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Disability Evaluation ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Submaximal Effort ◽  
Lack Of Sleep ◽  
Overall Performance ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Specific Limitation

Abstract Functional capacity evaluations (FCEs) have become an important component of disability evaluation during the past 10 years to assess an individual's ability to perform the essential or specific functions of a job, both preplacement and during rehabilitation. Evaluating both job performance and physical ability is a complex assessment, and some practitioners are not yet certain that an FCE can achieve these goals. An FCE is useful only if it predicts job performance, and factors that should be assessed include overall performance; consistency of performance across similar areas of the FCE; consistency between observed behaviors during the FCE and limitations or abilities reported by the worker; objective changes (eg, blood pressure and pulse) that are appropriate relative to performance; external factors (illness, lack of sleep, or medication); and a coefficient of variation that can be measured and assessed. FCEs can identify specific movement patterns or weaknesses; measure improvement during rehabilitation; identify a specific limitation that is amenable to accommodation; and identify a worker who appears to be providing a submaximal effort. FCEs are less reliable at predicting injury risk; they cannot tell us much about endurance over a time period longer than the time required for the FCE; and the FCE may measure simple muscular functions when the job requires more complex ones.

scholarly journals The Effect of Tillage Treatments on Soil Temperature at Planting and on Corn (Zea mays L.) Yield

2001 ◽  
pp. 40-44
Author(s):  
Miklós Pakurár ◽  
László Lakatos ◽  
János Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Corn Hybrid

The effect of soil temperature was evaluated on the yield of the Occitan corn hybrid at a depth of 5 cm. We examined this effect on the time required from planting to emergence for three average durations: five, ten and fifteen days, all calculated from the day of planting. Winter plowing (27 cm), spring plowing (23 cm), disc-till (12 cm) treatments and 120 kg N per hectare fertilizer were applied. As a result of our analysis, we determined the post planting optimum soil temperatures for various time periods. The average soil temperature for a time period of 15 days post planting is the most usable for determining actual yields, followed by ten days, with five days proved to be the least usable (winter plow R2 = 0.86, spring plow R2 = 0.87, disc-till R2 = 0.64).

Time Required to Achieve Homogeneity of Test Substances Added to Dog Feed

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-861
Author(s):  
Philip P Sapienza ◽  
George J Ikeda ◽  
Patricia I Warr ◽  
Richard H Albert
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinic Acid ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Mixing Time ◽  
Critical Factor ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Time Test ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Carrier Animal

Abstract The homogeneity of test substances in a carrier (animal feed) is a critical factor In conducting long-term feeding studies in laboratory animals. A method for determining the adequate amount of mixing to achieve homogeneity by a mixer of the type described has been determined when 2 distinctly different compounds are added to ground dog feed. Nicotinic acid and butylated hydroxyanlsole at a concentration of 1% were separately mixed with the dog feed for 15,30,45,60, and 120 min to determine optimum mixing time. Test portions were taken from 4 different sampling sites at each time period and analyzed in duplicate for the added substance. Four batches were prepared and the results were aggregated. Very little interbatch variability was observed. The variance of the average values from the 4 sampling sites at each time period was calculated and used as a simple, crude, but effective numerical quantity to monitor the approach to homogeneity of the mixture.

Time Requirement from Pollination to Seed Maturity in Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus)

Weed Science ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael S. Bell ◽  
Patrick J. Tranel
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Coat Color ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Time Requirement ◽  
Seed Maturity ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Amaranthus Tuberculatus ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Mature Seeds

Experiments were conducted to determine the amount of time required for waterhemp to produce mature seeds after pollination. Female waterhemp plants were pollinated over a 24-h time period and then isolated from males. Two branches, each containing at least 500 flowers, were harvested from each female at the time of the initial pollination, designated as 0 d after pollination (DAP), as well as at multiple other times after pollination up to 62 DAP. One branch from each harvest was stored at 30 C for 48 h, while the other branch was stored at −20 C for 48 h. Branches were then stored at room temperature until all harvests were complete, at which time seeds from each branch at each time after pollination were collected, weighed, and stratified. Germination tests were then conducted to determine the time at which seeds become viable after pollination. Seeds that had not germinated by the end of the germination tests were subjected to tetrazolium testing for viability. Germination tests were also conducted on nonstratified seeds to investigate changes in seed dormancy that were expected to occur over the amount of time the seeds were allowed to remain on the plants. Seeds stored initially at 30 C postharvest became viable 7 to 9 DAP, whereas seeds stored initially at −20 C postharvest did not become mature until 11 DAP. Seed coat color was white soon after pollination and became dark brown to nearly black by 12 DAP, and seed weight increased until 12 DAP. Tetrazolium tests for seed viability correlated well with the germination tests. Germination tests on nonstratified seeds indicated that dormancy level was initially high in the population used, but began to decrease between 15 and 30 DAP. Results of this study have implications both for waterhemp management and research.

Clearance of Continuous Intravenous Morphine for Severe Cancer Pain

1987 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 981-985
Author(s):  
Marc L. Citron ◽  
John R. Reynolds ◽  
Wen-Nuei Lin ◽  
Peter D. Frade ◽  
Mark Schemansky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Cancer Pain ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Intractable Pain ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Elimination Half ◽  
Steady State Serum ◽  
Intravenous Morphine ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Time Required

Four cancer patients with intractable pain received continuous morphine infusions in doses of 15–275 mg/h for a time period ranging from 4 to 27 days. Serum morphine concentrations were determined periodically following adjustments in infusion rates. As doses were changed and continued at static hourly rates, serum morphine concentrations were relatively constant 20 hours and beyond the time of the respective change, thus suggesting morphine elimination half-lives of ≤ 4 hours. High doses did not influence the time required to achieve steady-state concentrations. Steady serum morphine concentrations corresponded with hourly morphine doses in a parallel manner. High interpatient variabilities in clearances and steady-state serum morphine concentrations were noted. These data suggest that at morphine infusions up to 275 mg/h elimination pathways permit handling of increasing concentrations of morphine without nonlinear blood level increases. Also, marked interpatient and intrapatient variations in patient dose requirements were noted.

scholarly journals Airport Emergency Rescue Model Establishment and Performance Analysis Using Colored Petri Nets and CPN Tools

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingkun Yu ◽  
Liangcai Cai ◽  
Xiao Tan
Keyword(s):  
Petri Net ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Colored Petri Net ◽  
Basic Algorithm ◽  
Emergency Rescue ◽  
Event Modeling ◽  
Time Period ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Fire Engine

The airport emergency rescue is a typical discrete event dynamic system. In this paper, we can use colored Petri net discrete event modeling technology to establish the airport emergency rescue (AER) model in the CPN tool software according to the rescue process and the rescue activities’ relationship. We draw the basic flow chart of AER and, on this basis, propose the basic algorithm of establishing an AER colored Petri net. Firstly, the Weifang Nanyuan Airport emergency rescue (WNAER) drill data is analyzed, and the time function of each activity is obtained. Then, we establish the WNAER colored Petri net model, and the simulation results are analyzed in depth. The results show that the total time is far less than the time required in the AER plan, indicating that the model is feasible for the practical work; by calculation of time of different routes, we find a key route named “Route 2,” and it is proposed to increase the number of fire engines. By changing the value of the “num” parameter, the airport adds a fire engine, and an average of 18 s shortened. The rescue time reliability can be obtained at different times; for example, the time reliability in the 963 s is 91%, indicating that the probability of completing the rescue within this time period is very high, and the time reliability in the 958 s is 1.85%, indicating that the probability of completing the rescue within this time period is very low. The research results can not only allow the airport managers to master the level of rescue forces but also guide the formulation of plans and the implementation of activities.

scholarly journals Improved Adhesion Bond between Asphalt Binder-Aggregate as Indicator to Reduced Moisture Damage

2021 ◽  
Vol 1973 (1) ◽  
pp. 012059
Author(s):  
Ehsan A. Hasan ◽  
Yasameen Hadi Abed ◽  
Abdulhaq H. Abedali Al-Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Moisture Damage ◽  
Adhesion Bond

scholarly journals Effects of Asphalt Binder Modifying with Polypropylene on Moisture Susceptibility of Asphalt Mixtures with Thermodynamically Concepts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gholam Hossein Hamedi ◽  
Ali Reza Azarhoosh ◽  
Mojtaba Khodadadi
Keyword(s):  
Free Energy ◽  
Asphalt Binder ◽  
Asphalt Mixtures ◽  
Asphalt Binders ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Cohesion Strength ◽  
Adhesion Bond ◽  
Moisture Susceptibility ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
Control Samples

In this study, the effect of using Polypropylene (PP) as an antistripping additive of asphalt mixtures is investigated. Here, the moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures is evaluated by determining the micro-mechanisms using the surface free energy (SFE) concept. The adhesion bond between the aggregate and asphalt binder and the cohesion strength of the asphalt binder are considered as the main factors that affect moisture damage of asphalt mixtures. Test results indicate that the use of PP improves the resistance of asphalt mixtures in both wet and dry conditions. Also, the results of the SFE tests showed that the modifying asphalt binder with PP increases free energy of adhesion that will improve adhesion resistance between asphalt binder-aggregates. The amount of debonding energy in the samples which are modified with PP is lower than the control samples. This shows that by modifying asphalt binders, the tendency of asphalt binder-aggregate stripping can be reduced. The results show the total SFE of the asphalt binders of the modified samples have more free energy rather than the control samples. This phenomenon shows that failure in the asphalt binder film and cohesion failure will be happened more rarely.

scholarly journals Plant Seed Mucilage as a Glue: Adhesive Properties of Hydrated and Dried-in-Contact Seed Mucilage of Five Plant Species

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1443
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kreitschitz ◽  
Alexander Kovalev ◽  
Stanislav N. Gorb
Keyword(s):  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Adhesive Bond ◽  
Adhesive Force ◽  
Plantago Ovata ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Plant Seed ◽  
Adhesive Bonds ◽  
Transparent Layer ◽  
Cellulose Fibrils ◽  
Seed Mucilage

Seed and fruit mucilage is composed of three types of polysaccharides—pectins, cellulose, and hemicelluloses—and demonstrates adhesive properties after hydration. One of the important functions of the mucilage is to enable seeds to attach to diverse natural surfaces. Due to its adhesive properties, which increase during dehydration, the diaspore can be anchored to the substrate (soil) or attached to an animal’s body and dispersed over varied distances. After complete desiccation, the mucilage envelope forms a thin transparent layer around the diaspore creating a strong bond to the substrate. In the present study, we examined the mucilaginous seeds of six different plant taxa (from genera Linum, Lepidium, Ocimum, Salvia and Plantago) and addressed two main questions: (1) How strong is the adhesive bond of the dried mucilage envelope? and (2) What are the differences in adhesion between different mucilage types? Generally, the dried mucilage envelope revealed strong adhesive properties. Some differences between mucilage types were observed, particularly in relation to adhesive force (Fad) whose maximal values varied from 0.58 to 6.22 N. The highest adhesion force was revealed in the cellulose mucilage of Ocimum basilicum. However, mucilage lacking cellulose fibrils, such as that of Plantago ovata, also demonstrated high values of adhesion force with a maximum close to 5.74 N. The adhesion strength, calculated as force per unit contact area (Fad/A0), was comparable between studied taxa. Obtained results demonstrated (1) that the strength of mucilage adhesive bonds strongly surpasses the requirements necessary for epizoochory and (2) that seed mucilage has a high potential as a nontoxic, natural substance that can be used in water-based glues.

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