Thermodynamics of the migration of a liquid phase in a three-phase dispersed system with one dissolving solid phase

The first three chapters of this part dealt with two-phase reactions. Although catalysts are not generally present in these systems, they can be used in dissolved form in the liquid phase. This, however, does not increase the number of phases. On the other hand, there are innumerable instances of gas-liquid reactions in which the catalyst is present in solid form. A popular example of this is the slurry reactor so extensively employed in reactions such as hydrogenation and oxidation. There are also situations where the solid is a reactant or where a phasetransfer catalyst is immobilized on a solid support that gives rise to a third phase. A broad classification of three-phase reactions and reactors is presented in Table 17.1 (not all of which are considered here). This is not a complete classification, but it includes most of the important (and potentially important) types of reactions and reactors. The thrust of this chapter is on reactions and reactors involving a gas phase, a liquid phase, and a solid phase which can be either a catalyst (but not a phasetransfer catalyst) or a reactant, with greater emphasis on the former. The book by Ramachandran and Chaudhari (1983) on three-phase catalytic reactions is particularly valuable. Other books and reviews include those of Shah (1979), Chaudhari and Ramachandran (1980), Villermaux (1981), Shah et al. (1982), Hofmann (1983), Crine and L’Homme (1983), Doraiswamy and Sharma (1984), Tarmy et al. (1984), Shah and Deckwer (1985), Chaudhari and Shah (1986), Kohler (1986), Chaudhari et al. (1986), Hanika and Stanek (1986), Joshi et al. (1988), Concordia (1990), Mills et al. (1992), Beenackers and Van Swaaij (1993), and Mills and Chaudhari (1997). Doraiswamy and Sharma (1984) also present a discussion of gas-liquid-solid noncatalytic reactions in which the solid is a reactant. In Chapter 7 we saw how Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) models are normally used to describe the kinetics of gas-solid (catalytic) or liquid-solid (catalytic) reactions, and in Chapters 14 to 16 we saw how mass transfer between gas and liquid phases can significantly alter the rates and regimes of these two-phase reactions.

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Application of Hollow Fibre-Liquid Phase Microextraction Technique for Isolation and Pre-Concentration of Pharmaceuticals in Water

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes10110311 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 311

Author(s):

Lawrence Mzukisi Madikizela ◽

Vusumzi Emmanuel Pakade ◽

Somandla Ncube ◽

Hlanganani Tutu ◽

Luke Chimuka

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Enrichment Factors ◽

Hollow Fibre ◽

Phase System ◽

Phase Extraction ◽

Liquid Phase Microextraction ◽

Three Phase ◽

Set Up

In this article, a comprehensive review of applications of the hollow fibre-liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) for the isolation and pre-concentration of pharmaceuticals in water samples is presented. HF-LPME is simple, affordable, selective, and sensitive with high enrichment factors of up to 27,000-fold reported for pharmaceutical analysis. Both configurations (two- and three-phase extraction systems) of HF-LPME have been applied in the extraction of pharmaceuticals from water, with the three-phase system being more prominent. When compared to most common sample preparation techniques such as solid phase extraction, HF-LPME is a greener analytical chemistry process due to reduced solvent consumption, miniaturization, and the ability to automate. However, the automation comes at an added cost related to instrumental set-up, but a reduced cost is associated with lower reagent consumption as well as shortened overall workload and time. Currently, many researchers are investigating ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents as environmentally friendly chemicals that could lead to full classification of HF-LPME as a green analytical procedure.

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Axial dispersion of the liquid phase on a three-phase Karr reciprocating plate column

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc0407581n ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 69 (7) ◽

pp. 581-599 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ljubisa Nikolic ◽

Vesna Nikolic ◽

Vlada Veljkovic ◽

Miodrag Lazic ◽

Dejan Skala

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Gas Flow ◽

Dispersion Coefficient ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Axial Dispersion ◽

Two Phase ◽

Three Phase ◽

Phase Liquid ◽

Similar Equation ◽

Plate Column

The influence of the gas flow rate and vibration intensity in the presence of the solid phase (polypropylene spheres) on axial mixing of the liquid phase in a three phase (gas-liquid-solid) Karr reciprocating plate column (RPC) was investigated. Assuming that the dispersionmodel of liquid flow could be used for the real situation inside the column, the dispersion coefficient of the liquid phase was determined as a function of different operating parameters. For a two-phase liquid-solid RPC the following correlation was derived: DL = 1.26(Af)1.42 UL 0.51 ?S 0.23 and a similar equation could be applied with ? 30 % confidence for the calculation of axial dispersion in the case of a three-phase RPC: DL = 1.39(Af)0.47 UL0.42UG0.03 ?S -0.26.

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Application of High Temperature Quantitative X-Ray Powder Diffraction on Determination of Ternary System

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.689.355 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 689 ◽

pp. 355-360

Author(s):

Qiu Guo Xiao ◽

Gang Cheng Ding ◽

Tang Zhong Long ◽

Shao Hua Shen

Keyword(s):

High Temperature ◽

Isothermal Section ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Ternary System ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Phase Region ◽

Phase Point ◽

X Ray ◽

Three Phase

This paper has put forward a high-temperature quantitative X-ray powder diffraction analysis method for the determination of an isothermal section of a ternary system in comparison with a conventional method. In a three-phase region of the isothermal section at 1150 °C of Cu2O(CuO)-Al2O3-SiO2 pseudo-ternary system, the compositions of the solid phase points of three system points are determined according to the quantitative analysis of the crystalline phases in the samples carried out by Rietveld method. Then the liquid phase point of the three-phase region is determined according to the crosspoints of the tie lines of every pair of system point and solid phase point. The precisions of the analytical results have reached to be 0.1 ~ 5.0 %. By comparison, a good result is obtained for the determination of the liquid phase point of the three-phase region in the isothermal section at 1150 °C when the analytical results of high-temperature RQA analysis are used in determination of the isothermal section of the pseudo-ternary system.

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Experimental Investigation of a Three-Phase Oscillating Heat Pipe

Journal of Thermal Science and Engineering Applications ◽

10.1115/1.4043090 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

Author(s):

Tingting Hao ◽

Hongbin Ma ◽

Xuehu Ma

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Heat Pipe ◽

Thermal Performance ◽

Heat Transfer Performance ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Working Fluid ◽

Transfer Performance ◽

Oscillating Heat Pipe ◽

Three Phase

This paper presents an investigation of a three-phase oscillating heat pipe (3P OHP). The working fluid in the OHP consists of phase change material (PCM) and water. During the operation, the PCM changes the phase between solid and liquid, and water changes phase between liquid and vapor. The OHP investigated herein contains three phases: solid, liquid, and vapor. Erythritol was selected as the PCM with an instant cooling effect when dissolved in water due to the high fusion heat of 340 J/g. When the working fluid flows into the evaporator section, the PCM solid phase of the working fluid can become liquid phase in the evaporator, and the PCM liquid phase of the working fluid become solid phase in the condenser. The effects of heat input ranging from 100 to 420 W, and the erythritol concentration ranging from 1 to 50 wt % on the slug oscillations, and the OHP thermal performance was investigated. Experimental results show that while the erythritol can help to increase the heat transfer performance of an OHP, the heat transfer performance depends on the erythritol concentration. With a range of 1–5 wt % concentration of erythritol/water mixtures, a maximum 10% increase in the thermal performance was observed. When the erythritol concentration of erythritol/water mixtures was increased to a range of 10–50 wt %, the thermal performance of OHPs was lower than pure water-filled OHP, and the thermal performance decreased as the erythritol concentration was further increased. In addition, visualization results showed that slug oscillation amplitudes and velocities were reduced in the OHPs with erythritol solution compared with water-filled OHP.

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Identification of hepatitis a virus in cell cultures by solid phase immune electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100142815 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 238-239

Author(s):

C.D. Humphrey ◽

T.L. Cromeans ◽

E.H. Cook ◽

D.W. Bradley

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Cell Cultures ◽

Rapid Detection ◽

Hepatitis A ◽

Hepatitis A Virus ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Immune Electron Microscopy ◽

Detection And Identification

There is a variety of methods available for the rapid detection and identification of viruses by electron microscopy as described in several reviews. The predominant techniques are classified as direct electron microscopy (DEM), immune electron microscopy (IEM), liquid phase immune electron microscopy (LPIEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM). Each technique has inherent strengths and weaknesses. However, in recent years, the most progress for identifying viruses has been realized by the utilization of SPIEM.

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Experimental characterization of the solid phase chaotic dynamics in three-phase fluidization

International Journal of Multiphase Flow ◽

10.1016/s0301-9322(97)88294-8 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 113

Author(s):

M Cassanello

Keyword(s):

Chaotic Dynamics ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Experimental Characterization ◽

Three Phase

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SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGEN IN ACOUSTOPLASMA DISCHARGE IN A LIQUID-PHASE STREAM

Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE) ◽

10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.042-048 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 42-48 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. A. Bulychev

Keyword(s):

Liquid Phase ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Plasma Discharge ◽

Raw Material ◽

Two Phase ◽

Reduced Pressure ◽

External Power Source ◽

Phase Medium

In this paper, the plasma discharge in a high-pressure fluid stream in order to produce gaseous hydrogen was studied. Methods and equipment have been developed for the excitation of a plasma discharge in a stream of liquid medium. The fluid flow under excessive pressure is directed to a hydrodynamic emitter located at the reactor inlet where a supersonic two-phase vapor-liquid flow under reduced pressure is formed in the liquid due to the pressure drop and decrease in the flow enthalpy. Electrodes are located in the reactor where an electric field is created using an external power source (the strength of the field exceeds the breakdown threshold of this two-phase medium) leading to theinitiation of a low-temperature glow quasi-stationary plasma discharge.A theoretical estimation of the parameters of this type of discharge has been carried out. It is shown that the lowtemperature plasma initiated under the flow conditions of a liquid-phase medium in the discharge gap between the electrodes can effectively decompose the hydrogen-containing molecules of organic compounds in a liquid with the formation of gaseous products where the content of hydrogen is more than 90%. In the process simulation, theoretical calculations of the voltage and discharge current were also made which are in good agreement with the experimental data. The reaction unit used in the experiments was of a volume of 50 ml and reaction capacity appeared to be about 1.5 liters of hydrogen per minute when using a mixture of oxygen-containing organic compounds as a raw material. During their decomposition in plasma, solid-phase products are also formed in insignificant amounts: carbon nanoparticles and oxide nanoparticles of discharge electrode materials.

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