Using of criteria for substantiation of occupational carcinogenic risk groups for the purpose of early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms

Diagnosis of malignant tumors is an urgent problem of the modern world. Early diagnosis depends on General practitioners. The doctor should conduct a systematic examination of the patient regularly, taking into account the risk groups, gender and age. With mass screening, signs of dysplasia or an early focus, developing cancer can «slip away» [1]. Optimization of analysis and examination algorithms is required, which is not always possible for one person. Positive application of the digital program with elements of imaging in Oncology, we were able to create such a class of tasks for the preliminary subjective-objective survey of patients in three versions: with a widescreen screen and consoles for patients (group version up to 15 or more patients), interactive (touch) and tablet. The results of the survey are sent through the accepted channels to the doctor with recommendations for further examination, and the patient is given a coupon. The pilot program showed that the system of such robotic technologies in the future can replace the oncologist in its development to artificial intelligence at the stage of the primary link.

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Epidemiological factors associated with recent HIV infection among newly-diagnosed cases in Singapore, 2013–2017

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10478-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Li Wei Ang ◽

Carmen Low ◽

Chen Seong Wong ◽

Irving Charles Boudville ◽

Matthias Paul Han Sim Toh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Diagnosis ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Hiv Transmission ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Hiv Diagnosis ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Epidemiological Factors ◽

Voluntary Testing ◽

Recent Hiv Infection

AbstractBackgroundEarly diagnosis is crucial in securing optimal outcomes in the HIV care cascade. Recent HIV infection (RHI) serves as an indicator of early detection in the course of HIV infection. Surveillance of RHI is important in uncovering at-risk groups in which HIV transmission is ongoing. The study objectives are to estimate the proportion of RHI among persons newly-diagnosed in 2013–2017, and to elucidate epidemiological factors associated with RHI in Singapore.MethodsAs part of the National HIV Molecular Surveillance Programme, residual plasma samples of treatment-naïve HIV-1 positive individuals were tested using the biotinylated peptide-capture enzyme immunoassay with a cutoff of normalized optical density ≤ 0.8 for evidence of RHI. A recent infection testing algorithm was applied for the classification of RHI. We identified risk factors associated with RHI using logistic regression analyses.ResultsA total of 701 newly-diagnosed HIV-infected persons were included in the study. The median age at HIV diagnosis was 38 years (interquartile range, 28–51). The majority were men (94.2%), and sexual route was the predominant mode of HIV transmission (98.3%). Overall, 133/701 (19.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 16.2–22.0%) were classified as RHI. The proportions of RHI in 2015 (31.1%) and 2017 (31.0%) were significantly higher than in 2014 (11.2%). A significantly higher proportion of men having sex with men (23.4, 95% CI 19.6–27.6%) had RHI compared with heterosexual men (11.1, 95% CI 7.6–15.9%). Independent factors associated with RHI were: age 15–24 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 4.18, 95% CI 1.69–10.31) compared with ≥55 years; HIV diagnosis in 2015 (aOR 2.36, 95% CI 1.25–4.46) and 2017 (aOR 2.52, 95% CI 1.32–4.80) compared with 2013–2014; detection via voluntary testing (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.07–3.43) compared with medical care; and self-reported history of HIV test(s) prior to diagnosis (aOR 1.72, 95% CI 1.06–2.81).ConclusionAlthough there appears to be an increasing trend towards early diagnosis, persons with RHI remain a minority in Singapore. The strong associations observed between modifiable behaviors (voluntary testing and HIV testing history) and RHI highlight the importance of increasing the accessibility to HIV testing for at-risk groups.

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Prospective selected biomarkers in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment

Biomarkers in Medicine ◽

10.2217/bmm-2021-0038 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tahani Tabassum ◽

Ahsab Rahman ◽

Yusha Araf ◽

Md A Ullah ◽

Mohammad J Hosen

Keyword(s):

Early Diagnosis ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Viral Pathogenesis ◽

Health Concern ◽

Effective Strategy ◽

Proper Treatment ◽

Pulmonary Infections ◽

Disease Prognosis ◽

Proper Diagnosis

COVID-19 has become a global health concern, due to the high transmissible nature of its causal agent and lack of proper treatment. Early diagnosis and nonspecific medical supports of the patients appeared to be effective strategy so far to combat the pandemic caused by COVID-19 outbreak. Biomarkers can play pivotal roles in timely and proper diagnosis of COVID-19 patients, as well as for distinguishing them from other pulmonary infections. Besides, biomarkers can help in reducing the rate of mortality and evaluating viral pathogenesis with disease prognosis. This article intends to provide a broader overview of the roles and uses of different biomarkers in the early diagnosis of COVID-19, as well as in the classification of COVID-19 patients into multiple risk groups.

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A systematic examination of the mucous membrane of the mouth (oral mucous membrane) – method of early diagnosis of precancerous diseases

Clinical review for general practice ◽

10.47407/kr2021.2.2.00040 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 32-37

Author(s):

Irina K. Lutskaya ◽

Keyword(s):

Early Diagnosis ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Malignant Transformation ◽

Mucous Membrane ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Pathological Lesions ◽

Systematic Survey ◽

Membrane Method ◽

Oral Mucous Membrane ◽

Systematic Examination

The article presents information on the liability of the dentist for reducing the risk of development of pathological processes, including malignant neoplasms of the oral cavity. A thorough inspection of the oral mucous membrane, in accordance with WHO recommendations provides a systematic survey of all departments of the oral cavity and surrounding tissues. This tactic can significantly reduce the risk of development of pathological lesions of the oral cavity, to prevent malignant transformation or provide early diagnosis.

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Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections in high-risk groups in Karachi, Pakistan

International Journal of STD & AIDS ◽

10.1177/0956462418785264 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (14) ◽

pp. 1400-1406

Author(s):

Zahra Hasan ◽

Sharaf Shah ◽

Rumina Hasan ◽

Shoaib Rao ◽

Manzoor Ahmed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

High Risk ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Hiv Infections ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Newly Diagnosed ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

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Use of Double Balloon Endoscopy for the Early Diagnosis of Small Intestinal Malignant Neoplasms

Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ◽

10.1016/j.gie.2009.03.441 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 69 (5) ◽

pp. AB200

Author(s):

Tomoyoshi Shibuya ◽

Taro Osada ◽

Hiroki Mori ◽

Kenshi Matsumoto ◽

Kazuko Beppu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Early Diagnosis ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Double Balloon Endoscopy ◽

Double Balloon ◽

Small Intestinal

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EARLY DIAGNOSIS BETWEEN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS OF THE LARYNX.

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.1889.02401150021004 ◽

1889 ◽

Vol XIII (19) ◽

pp. 671

Keyword(s):

Early Diagnosis ◽

Malignant Neoplasms

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Comparison of the accuracy of diagnoses of oral potentially malignant disorders with dysplasia by a general dental clinician and a specialist using the Taiwanese Nationwide Oral Mucosal Screening Program

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0244740 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. e0244740

Author(s):

Tien-En Chiang ◽

Yu-Chun Lin ◽

Chi-Tsung Wu ◽

Cheng-Yu Yang ◽

Sheng-Tang Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Risk ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Screening Program ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Oral Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽

High Prevalence ◽

Potentially Malignant Disorders ◽

Potentially Malignant ◽

Oral And Maxillofacial Surgeon

Screening for oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) with dysplasia in high-risk groups is suggested in countries with a high prevalence of the disorders. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of diagnoses of OPMDs with dysplasia made by a primary examiner (general dental clinician) and a specialist (oral and maxillofacial surgeon) using the current Taiwanese Nationwide Oral Mucosal Screening Program (TNOMSP). A total of 134 high-risk participants were enrolled for oral mucosal screening via the TNOMSP. A primary examiner and a specialist examined each participant. Mucosal biopsies were obtained and subjected to histopathological analysis. The OPMD most frequently diagnosed by the primary examiner was thin homogeneous leukoplakia (48/134; 35.8%), and in 39/134 participants (29.1%) the diagnosis was uncertain, but abnormalities were suggested. The OPMDs most frequently diagnosed by the specialist were erythroleukoplakia (23/134; 17.2%) and thin homogeneous leukoplakia (21/134; 15.7%), and 51/134 participants (38.1%) were diagnosed with other diseases. Via histopathology, 70/134 participants (52.3%) were diagnosed with dysplasia, and 58/134 (43.3%) were diagnosed with benign conditions. The specialist’s diagnoses exhibited a higher specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy than the primary examiners. A specialist using the current TNOMSP for high-risk participants diagnosed OPMDs with dysplasia more accurately than a primary examiner. Early diagnosis of high-risk OPMDs is crucial in countries with a high prevalence of the disorders. Proficient examination via the current TNOMSP by trained clinician is effective for the management of OPMDs with dysplasia.

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Assessment of carcinogenic risk from exposure to chlororganic compounds of water of systems of centralized water supply

Hygiene and Sanitation ◽

10.47470/0016-9900-2021-100-2-99-110 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 100 (2) ◽

pp. 99-110

Author(s):

Boris I. Marchenko ◽

Petr V. Zhuravlev ◽

Nina K. Plugotarenko ◽

Aleksandra I. Yuhno

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Natural Water ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Tap Water ◽

Carcinogenic Risk ◽

Organochlorine Compounds ◽

Malignant Neoplasms ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

High Level

Introduction. The problem of providing the population with drinking water with guaranteed quality, safety, and physiological usefulness is highly relevant for many regions of Russia. The use of chlorination for disinfection of the water is a potential cause of the formation of excess concentrations of organochlorine compounds in it, including trihalogenomethanes, which leads to elevated levels of carcinogenic risk. The study’s object was: data on the content in water of centralized water supply systems of carcinogenic organochlorine compounds - chloroform, dichlorobromomethane and chlorodibromomethane. Material and methods. information on the incidence of the population of malignant neoplasms; the results of an experiment to evaluate the effectiveness of the preliminary ammonization method. The paper used methods of health risk assessment, variation statistics, and mathematical modeling. Results. The use of preliminary ammonization in Taganrog prevents the formation of trihalogenomethanes and ensures the maintenance of an individual multi-route carcinogenic risk at an acceptable level (9.933 · 10-6). Systematic unreasonable hyper chlorination of river water without prior ammoniation is the main reason for the excess content of chlororganic compounds and the high level of individual carcinogenic risk in the Primorsky rural settlement of the Neklinovsky District - up to 3.234 · 10-3 in 2015. Modeling on the basis of experimental chlorination of natural water indicates the high efficiency of preliminary ammonization in the disinfection mode, which ensures the content of free total active chlorine in tap water in the range from 0.8 to 1.2 mg/l. Conclusion. The high efficiency of the application of preliminary ammonization of natural water to prevent the formation of trihalogenomethanes and reduce carcinogenic risk has been confirmed. The priority factor for the formation of excess amounts of organochlorine compounds in drinking water is its hyper chlorination. Promising measures to reduce the carcinogenic risk of trihalogenomethanes in tap water include the systematic monitoring of their content, the use of preliminary ammonization, the exact dosage of chlorine, the deep purification of the source water before chlorination, the replacement of primary chlorination with ultraviolet disinfection, and others.

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