The Distribution and Toxicological Effects of Inhaled Methyl Bromide in the Rat

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 631-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.H. Jaskot ◽  
E.C. Grose ◽  
B.M. Most ◽  
M.G. Ménache ◽  
T.B. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Leucine Aminopeptidase ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Hepatic Enzyme ◽  
Toxicological Effects ◽  
C Distribution ◽  
Whole Body Inhalation ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Lung And Kidney

Sixty-day-old male CD rats were exposed by nose only to 14C-methyl bromide (55 ppm) for 3 min. The data indicated that the liver, lung, and kidney were the major organs of 14C distribution immediately after exposure. Up to 32 hr after exposure, the major routes of excretion were pulmonary (14CO2) and renal, with approximately 43% and 21% of the total inhaled radiolabel being eliminated, respectively. In separate experiments, 60-day-old CD male rats were exposed by whole body inhalation for 6 hr/day for 5 and 10 days to 30 ppm methyl bromide or filtered air. Glutathione (GSH) S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activities were increased in the lung. A decrease in GSH-reductase and GSH-S-transferase activities were found in the liver. Serum chemistries indicated a decrease in Cholinesterase, BUN, uric acid, and cholesterol, and leucine aminopeptidase exhibited an increase in activity. These data indicate that methyl bromide is quickly distributed to all tissues after inhalation and rapidly metabolized. A small percentage is cleared slowly and incorporated into metabolic pools, as evidenced by 25% of the initial dose of 14C-methyl bromide found in the rat 32 hr postexposure and the alterations found in hepatic enzyme activities.

scholarly journals Infertility: A product of smoke emanating from Transfluthrin coated insecticide paper (TCIP)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732110254
Author(s):  
David Anuoluwapo Oyeniran ◽  
Abdulfatai Olakunle Ojewale ◽  
Peter Imoni Jewo ◽  
Ebenezer Adeola Ashamu ◽  
Olajumoke Oluwaseun Adeniyi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Semen Analysis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Flying Insects ◽  
Group A ◽  
Environmental Air ◽  
Group B ◽  
Whole Body Inhalation ◽  
Fast Acting

Transfluthrin is a fast-acting insecticide used in household and hygiene products, mainly against flying insects, such as mosquito and flies, and in agriculture material pests. Its uses in these areas have not been without health risk to humans and the ecosystem. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate the effect of smoke emanating from Transfluthrin Coated Insecticide Paper (TCIP) on adult Wistar rats’ testicular functions. The rats were grouped into three. Group A was exposed to normal environmental air. Group B and C rats were exposed via whole-body inhalation to smoke emanating from 6 g and 12 g of TCIP every day for 8 weeks. The entire groups contained eight rats each. At the end of the exposure, body and organs weight, semen analysis, biochemical assay and histological examination were evaluated and determined. The results show that the exposure significantly altered the testicular cytoarchitecture, sperm quality, hormonal profile and oxidative parameters with an increase in exposure to TCIP. This study revealed that exposure to transfluthrin is detrimental to the reproductive functions of male rats.

Lung toxicity and gene expression changes in response to whole-body inhalation exposure to cellulose nanocrystal in rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-80
Author(s):  
Pius Joseph ◽  
Christina M. Umbright ◽  
Jenny R. Roberts ◽  
Jared L. Cumpston ◽  
Marlene S. Orandle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Inhalation Exposure ◽  
Lung Toxicity ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystal ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Whole Body Inhalation

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and cardiac surgery

Perfusion ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 417-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Dogra ◽  
GD Puri ◽  
SS Rana
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Surgery ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Dehydrogenase Deficiency ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Anaesthetic Management ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Free Radical Production ◽  
Radical Production ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Cardiac surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in its conventional form involves many processes leading to free radical production, such as perioperative ischemia, reperfusion, circulation of whole body blood through the CPB circuit, hypothermia and acidosis. The red blood cells of a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient person are unable to scavenge these free radicals, resulting in haemolysis. Here, we describe the successful anaesthetic management of two G6PD-deficient children who underwent cardiac surgery, on and off CPB, without any obvious haemolytic reaction, followed by a discussion of the disorder, with specific consideration of perioperative management of such cases.

Size Scaling of Whole-Body Maximal Enzyme Activities in Aquatic Crustaceans

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 2385-2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonn A. Berges ◽  
James S. Ballantyne
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Macrobrachium Rosenbergii ◽  
Nucleoside Diphosphate Kinase ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Allometric Relationship ◽  
Scaling Exponents ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

The relationships between body size and maximal activities of eight enzymes were measured in whole-body homogenates of the crustaceans Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Artemia franciscana, and Daphnia magna. Interspecifically and intraspecificaily, enzyme activities per animal (Y) scale with protein weight (W) according to the allometric relationship Y = aWb. Scaling exponents (b) varied with the enzyme examined and were usually different from 0.75. For enzymes such as citrate synthase, intraspecific and interspecific exponents were similar, but for enzymes associated with pathways other than aerobic metabolism, significant differences were found between species. For anaerobic enzymes such as lactate dehydrogenase, these differences may relate to interspecific differences in life history and ecology. For anabolic enzymes such as glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and nucleoside diphosphate kinase, differences may relate to differences in growth rates between species.

EINFLUSS VON CYCLUS UND EXOGENER HORMONZUFUHR AUF STOFFWECHSELVORGÄNGE DES RATTENUTERUS

1967 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Schmidt ◽  
I. Noack ◽  
H. Walther ◽  
K. D. Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Leucine Aminopeptidase ◽  
Intraperitoneal Administration ◽  
Exogenous Hormone ◽  
Rat Uterus ◽  
Normal Cycle ◽  
Phosphogluconate Dehydrogenase ◽  
Dna And Rna ◽  
Hormone Administration ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

ABSTRACT The first significant increase of weight, RNA and protein was observed in the uterus of spayed rats twelve hours after the intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of 1 μg oestradiol. There was no significant increase of DNA. At the same time the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase, isocitrate dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase had increased significantly. Twentyfour hours after the injection the augmented values began to decline. Three injections of 1 μg oestradiol, given at 24 hour intervals obtained similar changes, the only difference being that these changes were more marked and that a DNA increase was also observed. The augmentation of protein, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and fructose-1,6-diphosphate aldolase content of cells induced by repeated oestradiol injections was inhibited partly by 1 mg progesterone when administered together with the last dose of oestradiol. During the normal oestrus cycle of the rat uterus an increase of uterine weight, DNA and RNA content and also of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and 1,6-diphosphate aldolase activities was observed, whereas isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and leucine aminopeptidase did not change significantly. It would appear that the changes after exogenous hormone administration reflect those of the normal cycle as regards both their extent and timing. The importance of these findings in connection with hormone-induced pathways of uterine metabolism is discussed.

scholarly journals Studies on the effects of dietary zinc dose on 65Zn absorption in vivo and on the effects of Zn status on 65Zn absorption and body loss in young rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Coppen ◽  
N. T. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Gel Filtration ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Gel Chromatography ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Zn Status ◽  
Higher Doses ◽  
Obvious Relation ◽  
Second Peak

1. Weanling male rats were maintained on diets containing 5, 10, 20, 40, 80 or 160 mg zinc/kg for 14 d. On day 15 they received 65Zn either by intraperitoneal injection or in a test meal containing 20 mg Zn/kg. After dosing, the rats were again maintained on the diets they had received previously.2. Whole-body 65Zn retention was measured immediately after dosing and daily for a further 9 d. From regression analysis of the semi-logarithmic plots of 65Zn retention from 0 to 192 h after 65Zn administration, the true extent of 65Zn absorption and the biological half-life (t1/2) of body 65Zn stores were calculated.3. At the end of the experiment, the rats were killed and the entire small intestines of some rats from each group were rapidly flushed out to remove food and faecal residues, frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored under an atmosphere of N2 at –20° before separation of cytosolic Zn-binding fractions by gel filtration on Sephadex G–75.4. The results suggest that rats which received diets that were either deficient(5 mg Zn/kg), marginal (10 mg Zn/kg) or adequate (20–80 mg Zn/kg) in Zn achieved homeostatic regulation of body Zn by changes in both the extent of Zn absorption and excretion. However, when Zn supply was excessive, increasing from 80 to 160 mg Zn/kg, no further changes were seen in Zn absorption, and homeostatic control appeared to be effected entirely by changes in rates of body Zn loss.5. Gel chromatography of intestinal cytosol on Sephadex G-75 revealed that Zn was associated with two major fractions. The first (peak 1) had a molecular weight (MW) > 75 kdaltons and the second (peak 2), a MW of approximately 10 kdaltons and was assumed to be metallothionein.6. There was no obvious relation between the amount of Zn bound to peak 1 and dietary Zn content. In contrast, the amount of Zn recovered in peak 2 increased linearly with increasing dietary Zn content.7. Comparisons between the effect of dietary Zn content on Zn bound to peak 2 and 65Zn retention may, depending on the range of Zn intakes, indicate possible roles for intestinal metallothionein in the control of Zn absorption or excretion.8. A study of the effects of dietary dose of 65Zn on the extent of 65Zn absorption in rats of normal Zn status indicated a possible biphasic relation. At low doses (5–40 mg Zn/kg) 65Zn absorption appeared to exhibit a curvilinear response to increasing 65Zn dose, indicating possibly a saturable process. At higher doses (40–160 mg Zn/kg) the capacity of this process appeared to be exceeded and 65Zn absorption increased in a linear fashion.

Influence of juvenile housing conditions on the ventilatory, thermoregulatory, and endocrine responses to hypoxia of adult male rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Fournier ◽  
Vincent Joseph ◽  
Richard Kinkead
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Maternal Separation ◽  
Corticosterone Level ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Hypoxic Conditions ◽  
Respiratory Plasticity

“Extreme” housing conditions, such as isolation (single housing) or crowding, are stressful for rats, and their deleterious impact on behavior is well documented. To determine whether more subtle variations in housing can affect animal physiology, the present study tested the hypothesis that the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) of adult male rats housed in pairs during the juvenile period (postnatal day 21 to adulthood) does not differ from that of animals housed in triads. Because neonatal stress augments the neuroendocrine responsiveness to stress and HVR, experiments were performed both on “control” (undisturbed) animals and rats subjected to neonatal maternal separation (NMS; 3 h/day, postnatal days 3–12). At adulthood, ventilatory activity was measured by whole body plethysmography under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (inspired fraction of O2 = 0.12; 20 min). The ventilatory and body temperature responses to hypoxia of rats raised in triads were less than those of rats housed in pairs. For the HVR, however, the attenuation induced by triad housing was more important in NMS rats. Triad housing decreased “basal” plasma corticosterone, but increased estradiol and testosterone levels. Much like the HVR, housing-related decrease in corticosterone level was greater in NMS than control rats. We conclude that modest changes in housing conditions (pairs vs. triads) during the juvenile period can influence basic homeostatic functions, such as temperature, endocrine, and respiratory regulation. Housing conditions can influence (even eliminate) the manifestations of respiratory plasticity subsequent to deleterious neonatal treatments. Differences in neuroendocrine function likely contribute to these effects.

scholarly journals TISSUE-SPECIFIC GLUCOSE 6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASES IN ANOPHELINE MOSQUITOES

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
UMBERTO BIANCHI ◽  
ANTONIETTINA RINALDI
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Mendelian Segregation ◽  
Electrophoretic Variants ◽  
Tissue Specific ◽  
Anopheles Atroparvus ◽  
Catalytically Active ◽  
Pair Mating ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase

Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) electrophoretic variants have been detected in single adult homogenates by screening laboratory strains of Anopheles atroparvus, Anopheles labranchiae and Anopheles stephensi. Pair mating crosses of A. atroparvus individuals set up to study the inheritance mechanism of this apparent polymorphism failed to show Mendelian segregation. Furthermore, monomorphic and tissue-specific G6PD bands were obtained from single adult "midgut" and single adult "skin" homogenates and the apparent polymorphism disappeared. However, the electrophoretic heterogeneity reappeared when 10 µl of the gut homogenate were added to an equal volume of the skin homogenate and permitted to interact in vitro at room temperature (20-25°C) for 4-5 min. Bovine trypsin greatly modified the anodical mobility of the skin isoenzyme. Single whole homogenates, prepared in buffers containing soybean (trypsin inhibitor), partially retained the electrophoretic heterogeneity. On this experimental background it is possible to draw the following conclusions: (a) at least two monomorphic and tissue-specific (gut and skin) G6PD isoenzymes are present in the anopheline species studied by us; (b) a factor (or factors) possessing a trypsin-like action seems to be present in the whole body homogenate, this factor seems to be particularly active in interacting with the skin enzyme; and (c) the occurrence of a similar interaction could facilitate the formation of G6PD catalytically active molecular artifacts. These data and analogous results obtained by other authors permitted us to conclude that if genetic analysis has not been performed it is very hazardous to interpret zymograms simply by assuming that any electrophoretic heterogeneity necessarily represents a genetic polymorphism.

1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134) (2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Exposure Level ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Hfc 134A ◽  
Adverse Effect Level ◽  
Effect Level ◽  
Whole Body Inhalation

1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134) is a colorless gas used as a foam expansion agent and heat transfer fluid. HFC-134 has a low acute inhalation toxicity with an LC50 of >244,000 ppm. The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed adverse effect level for cardiac sensitization (in epinephrine-challenged beagle dogs) were 75,000 and 100,000 ppm, respectively. A subacute 4-week GLP inhalation toxicity study exposed male and female Crl: CD®BR rats (10/sex) to 0, 2000, 10,000, or 50,000 ppm via whole-body inhalation. Transient and non-dose-response–related body weight changes were observed throughout the exposure period, but no statistically significant, test substance-related adverse effects were observed in any clinical observations, chemistry, hematology, or pathology. This study identified a NOAEL for HFC-134 of 50,000 ppm, the highest exposure level tested. HFC-134 is not genotoxic in in vitro studies; however, no in vivo studies are available. No developmental or maternal toxicity was found in female rats exposed to HFC-134 up to 50,000 ppm via whole-body inhalation in two different studies. Based on data for a similar material (HFC-134a), HFC-134 is not expected to be extensively metabolized or to cause genetic toxicity or carcinogenicity. The HFC-134 workplace environmental exposure level (WEEL) is based primarily on the subacute 4-week inhalation toxicity study in rats with the NOAEL of 50,000 ppm selected as the point of departure for the derivation of the 8-h TWA, health-based WEEL value. The developmental toxicity study also had a NOAEL of 50,000 ppm and was the highest exposure level tested. The subacute inhalation NOAEL was adjusted to account for interindividual variability, subacute to chronic duration, animal to human extrapolation, daily duration of exposure, and residual uncertainty. In addition, the lack of adverse effects noted in the toxicology studies for HFC-134a was considered. The resulting 8-h TWA WEEL value of 1000 ppm is expected to provide a significant margin of safety against the production of any potential adverse health effects in workers following long-term inhalation exposure to HFC-134.

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