Zonation in the plant cover on the Wrangel Island: syntaxonomical approach

2013 ◽  
pp. 89-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Kholod
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Wrangel Island ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The Status ◽  
Minimum Number ◽  
Altitudinal Belts

Hierarchical subdivision of the Wrangel Island was realized using syntaxonomic method. Following criteria were used: syntaxonomic spectrum and percentage share of syntaxa on zonal and intrazonal sites, the status of syntaxa in the system of altitudinal belts, the indexes of zonation and intrazonation, the index of dissimilarity between syntaxa (І-diversity) and mean number of species per relevй. The system of zonocontinuums and the criterion of typomorphic groups were applied to represent the character of syntaxa distribution. Furthermore, the indexes of “species-area relationships”, zonal-geographical groups of species, cover of the different groups of species and its variation, horizontal structure of communities and above ground phytomass were reviewed. All numerical characteristics allowed to make a differentiation of the island vegetation between 4 variants. Among these 2 ones are southern and nothern variants of arctic tundra subzones, 1 — is northern variant of typical tundra subzone and 1 — is southern (coastal) variant of polar deserts. The last are delimited fr om other zonal categories in highest rank —as geobotanical zone. They are characterized by minimum number of syntaxa in zonal sites (4) and in flood-plains (2), absence of any syntaxa at the slopes of southern exposure. All other indexes of diversity are of a least value: dissimilarity between syntaxa (43.7), and average number of species in relevй (5.9). Differentiate syntaxa for all sites (except plakkat) and typomorphic groups are absent. It is a least value of і-diversity: the parameter b1 in regression equation is1.17. Moreover, the cover of vascular plants decreases to 10–20 %, but cover of lichens increases to 30 %. The cover of bryophytes and all vegetation are characterized by essential changes of variation coefficient (0.6–0.7 and 0.4–0.5 respectively), above ground phytomass of vascular plants is decreases to 49.9 g/m2. The part of arctic zonal-geographical groups is increases greatly to 61.4 %, but total part of hypoarctic and boreal is decreases to 3.8 %. Sporadic-spotted type of horizontal structure is exclusively peculiar to this zone. Northern variant of typical tundra is characterized by a relatively large number of syntaxa at slopes of southern exposure (19) and high value of index of abruptness (0.56). Number of syntaxa with diagnostic meaning of altitudinal changes is greater — 13. The index of І-diversity by means average number of species in relevй is 9.5 and by means dissimilarity between syntaxa is 55.1 %. High diversity of syntaxa (9) differentiating at slopes of southern exposure is inherent to this zonal variant. Besides, large role of hypoarctic species (10.8 %), irregular-mosaic type of horizontal structure and relatively large overground phytomass of vascular plants (89.9 g/m2) are characterized for this zonal category. Here it is the highest value of і-diversity (b1 = 3.07). Southern and northern variants of arctic tundra are characterized by parameters distinguished from the plant cover of polar deserts zone and typical tundra subzone. These parameters are: number of syntaxa at slopes of southern exposure (11 and 8), their index of abruptness (0.36 and 0.29), number of syntaxa with diagnostic meaning of altitudinal changes (8 and 5), indexes of І-diversity (60.0 and 58.5 — dissimilarity between syntaxa, 7.9 and 8.2 — average number of species in relevй). Moreover, similar values of і-diversity (b1 = 2.30 and 2.50), zonal-geographical spectrum (wh ere total part of hypoarctic and boreal groups is smaller essentially then in typical tundra, but part of arctic group is equal to one of polar deserts) and above ground phytomass of vascular plants (83.5 g/m2and 80.1 g/m2) are peculiar to these two variants. Several vegetation indexes contribute to reveal southern and northern zonal variants. The last region is referred to the High Arctic. Also diagnostic amount of syntaxa and analytical characteristics for zonal categories of definite rank were determined. Typical syntaxa have a special significance for zonal categories of higher rank (tundra zone as whole and the subzone of arctic tundra).

Сlassification of vegetation of baidzharakh massifs in two sites of the arctic tundra subzone in the Siberian sector of the Russian Arctic

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-99
Author(s):  
O. I. Sumina
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Taimyr Peninsula ◽  
Vegetation Diversity ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Open Ground ◽  
Crustose Lichens ◽  
Northeast Coast

One of the thermokarst relief forms is baidzharakh massif — the group of mounds separated by trenches formed as a result of the underground ice-wedge polygonal networks melting (Fig. 1). Study of baidzharakh vegetation took place on the northeast coast of the Taimyr Peninsula (the Pronchishcheva Bay area) and on the New Siberian Islands (the Kotelny Island) in 1973–1974 (Sumina, 1975, 1976, 1977a, b, 1979 et al.). The aim of this paper is to produce the classification of baidzharakh mound and trenches communities according to the Brown-Blanquet approach (Westhoff, Maarel, 1978) and to compare these data with the community types earlier established on domination principle (Sumina, 1975 et al.). The information obtained in the 1970s could be helpful in a comparative assessment of the thermokarst process dynamics over the past 4 decades, as well as for comparing these processes in other regions of the Arctic. Both studied areas are located in the northern part of the arctic tundra subzone. On the Taimyr Peninsula (and in particular in the Pronchishcheva Bay area) the plakor (zonal) communities belong to the ass. Salici polaris–Hylocomietum alaskani Matveyeva 1998. Our relevés of plakor tundra on the Kotelny Island demonstrate similarity with the zonal communities of the northeast coast of the Taimyr Peninsula (Table 2). Relevés of communities of thermokarst mounds were made within their boundaries, the size of ~ 30 m². In trenches sample plots of the same area had rectangular shape according to trench width. Relevés of plakor tundra were made on 5x6 m plots. There were marked: location in relief, moistening, stand physiognomy, nanorelief, the percent of open ground patches and degree of their overgrowing, total plant cover, that of vascular plants, mosses, and lichens (especially — crustose ons), and cover estimates for each species. The shape of thermokarst mounds depends on the stage of thermodenudation processes. Flat polygons about 0.5 m height with vegetation similar to the plakor tundra are formed at the beginning of ice melting (Fig. 3, a), after which the deformation of the mounds (from eroded flat polygon (Fig. 3, b) to eroded conical mound (Fig. 3, c). Such mounds of maximal height up to 5 m are located on the middle part of steep slopes, where thermodenudation is very active. The last stage of mound destruction is slightly convex mound with a lumpy surface and vegetation, typical to snowbed sites at slope foots (Fig. 3, d, and 5). Both on watersheds and on gentle slopes mounds are not completely destroyed; and on such elongated smooth-conical mounds dense meadow-like vegetation is developed (Fig. 6). On the Kotelny Island thermokarst mounds of all described shapes occur, while in the Pronchishcheva Bay area only flat polygons, eroded flat polygons, and elongated smooth-conical mounds are presented. Under the influence of thermodenudation the plakor (zonal) vegetation is being transformed that allows to consider the most of mound and trench communities as the variants of zonal association. On the base of 63 relevés, made in 14 baidzharakh massifs, 2 variants with 7 subvariants of the ass. Salici polaris–Hylocomietum alaskani Matveyeva 1998 were established, as well as 1 variant of the azonal ass. Poo arcticae– Dupontietum fisheri Matveyeva 1994, which combines the vegetation of wet trenches with dense herbmoss cover. A detailed description of each subvariant is done. All these syntaxa are compared with the types of mound and trenh communities established previously by the domination principle (Sumina, 1975, 1976, 1979 et al.) and with Brown-Blanquet’ syntaxa published by other authors. The Brown-Blanquet approach in compare with domination principle, clearly demonstrates the similarity between zonal and baidzharakh massifs vegetation. Diagnostic species of syntaxa of baidzharakh vegetation by other authors (Matveyeva, 1994; Zanokha, 1995; Kholod, 2007, 2014; Telyatnikov et al., 2017) differ from ours. On the one hand, this is due to the fact that all mentioned researchers worked in another areas, and on the other, with different hierarchial levels of syntaxa, which are subassociations (or vicariants) in cited works or variants and subvariants in the our. Communities of mounds as well as of trenches in different regions have unlike species composition, but similar apearance, which depends on the similarity of the life form composition and community pattern, stage of their transformation and environmental factors. This fact is a base to group communities by physiognomy in order to have an opportunity of comparative analysis of baidzharakh vegetation diversity in different regions of the Arctic. In total, 6 such groups for thermokarst mounds and trenches are proposed: “tundra-like” ― vegetation of flat polygonal mounds (or trenches) is similar to the plakor (zonal) communities; “eroded tundra-like” ― tundra-like vegetation is presented as fragments, open ground occupies the main part of flat polygonal mounds; “eroded mounds with nonassociated vegetation” ― eroded mounds of various shapes up to sharp conical with absent vegetation at the top and slopes, sparse pioneer vascular plants on a bare substrate and crustose lichens and chionophilous grasses at foots; “meadow-like” ― herb stands with a participation of tundra dwarf-shrubs, mosses, and lichens on elongated smooth-conical mounds and in moderately moist trenches; “communities in snowbeds” ― thin plant cover formed by small mosses, liverworts, crustose lichens, and sparse vascular plants in snowbed habitats on destroyed slightly convex mounds with a lumpy surface and in trenches; “communities of cotton grass” or others, depending on the dominant species ― in wet trenches where vegetation is similar to the arctic hypnum bogs with dominant hygrophyte graminoids as Eriophorum scheuchzeri, E. polystachion, Dupontia fischeri et al. This sheme according to physiognomic features of thermokarst mound and trench communities, as a simplier way to assess the current dynamic stage of the baidzharakh massifs, may be useful for monitoring the thermodenudation activity in different areas of the Arctic, particularly in connection with observed climate changes (ACIA, 2004) and a possible dramatic “cascade of their environmental consequences” (Fraser et al., 2018).

Classificаtion of Wrangel Island vegetation

2007 ◽  
pp. 3-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Kholod
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Ecological Groups ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Correct Description ◽  
Horizontal Structure ◽  
Character Species ◽  
Class A ◽  
Wrangel Island ◽  
Arctic Regions

The syntaxonomical study of Wrangel Island carried out in accordance to Braun-Blanquet approach is proposed. As a result 29 associations, 1 type of com­munity, 18 subassociations, 8 variants and 5 facies are distinguished. A series of associations belong to 13 allian­ces, 12 orders and 9 classes which were des­cribed earlier (some of them are provisional). The procedure of classification have showed some metho­dical difficulties. One of them is the revealing of be­longing syntaxa to any class, a lot of which were described in more south regions. As a result much of diagnostic species of these classes are absent in arctic regions. So far as many species of Arctic characterized by wide distribution they cannot be used as character species. The concept of vicariant syntaxa is used: 5 associations are considered as vicariants of syntaxa already distinguished. At present there are not any higher syntaxa (class) for correct description for zonal (plakor) vegetation, erect shrubs and zoogenic vege­tation in arctic tundra subzone. The syntaxa of Carici rupestris—Kobresietea bellardii and Thlaspietearotun­difolii predominate in island. There are north limits of areas of some syntaxa such as ass. Sphagno—Eriopho­retum vaginati vic. Polytrichastrum alpinum, Bra­chy­thecio salebrosi—Salicetum glaucae, Parryo nudicau­lis—Salicetum lanatae, Equisetetum borealis vic. Polemonium acutiflorum on Wrangel Island. Zonal associations are characterized by lowest number of character species (2—4). The reason of this pheno­mena is the average meaning of ecological parameters in plakors. As a consequence many species of different ecological groups can growth together. There are fr om 9 to 17 character species in some intrazonal associa­tions: Carici membranaceae—Dryadetum integri­foliae, Castillejo elegantis—Caricetum rupestris, Salici calli­carpaeaе—Dryadetum chamissonis, Arte­misio borea­lis—Chamaenerietum latifolii. Following associations of plakor are characterized by the highest species richness: Parryo nudicaulis—Dryadetum punctatae (255 taxa) and Artemisio ti­lesii—Deschampsietum borealis (250). Besides these the ass. Salici polaris—Caricetum podocarpae which is formed in snowbed sites have 251 taxa. A lot of species have middle (III) or low (II, I) constancy. The higher number of species in syntaxa compared to community is due to rare species. The coverage of majority of species varies from <1 % to 5 %, not more than 10 species — from 6 % to 12 %. Only 3 species form an stable coverage more than 25 %: Carexlugens, Dryaspunctata, D. inte­grifolia. Two types of community are characterized by the homogeneous cover: ass. Meesio triquetris—Caricetum stantis vic. Warnstorfia sarmentosa and ass. Salici polaris—Caricetum podocarpae. The tundra turf is heterogeneous in zonal (plakor) communities. It consists of different fragments of mosses, lichens and vascular plants. Frost boils (patches) are most common elements of horizontal structure. The turf around patches forms continuous net. Non closed (open) communities are predominate at all slopes, tops and mountain terraces. Cushions formed by herbs Artemi­siaborealis subsp. richardsoniana, A. glo­merata, Oxytropisgorodkovii, Potentillasubvahliana are usual in such sites. There are 2 layers in com­munities: an upper one (10—30 cm) wh ere herbs are predominate and dwarf shrubs-lichen-moss (less than 10 cm). The height of shrub Salixlanata subsp. richard­sonii layer at the center of island is 45—60 cm.

scholarly journals Diversity and distribution of Tardigrada in Arctic cryoconite holes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Zawierucha ◽  
Marta Ostrowska ◽  
Tobias R. Vonnahme ◽  
Miloslav Devetter ◽  
Adam P. Nawrot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Svalbard Archipelago ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cryoconite Hole ◽  
Secondary Consumers ◽  
Arctic Glacier ◽  
Tundra Ecosystems

<p>Despite the fact that glaciers and ice sheets have been monitored for more than a century, knowledge on the glacial biota remains poor. Cryoconite holes are water-filled reservoirs on a glacier’s surface and one of the most extreme ecosystems for micro-invertebrates. Tardigrada, also known as water bears, are a common inhabitant of cryoconite holes. In this paper we present novel data on the morphology, diversity, distribution and role in food web of tardigrades on Arctic glaciers. From 33 sampled cryoconite holes of 6 glaciers on Spitsbergen, in 25 tardigrades were found and identified. Five taxa of Tardigrada (Eutardigrada) were found in the samples, they are: <em>Hypsibius dujardini</em>, <em>Hypsibius </em>sp. A, <em>Isohypsibius </em>sp. A., <em>Pilatobius</em> <em>recamieri</em>, and one species of Ramazzottiidae. <em>H. dujardini </em>and <em>P. recamieri</em> were previously known from tundra in the Svalbard archipelago. Despite the number of studies on Arctic tundra ecosystems, <em>Hypsibius</em> sp. A, one species of Ramazzottiidae and <em>Isohypsibius</em> sp. A are known only from cryoconite holes. Tardigrade found in this study do not falsify the hypothesis that glaciers and ice sheets are a viable biome (characteristic for biome organisms assemblages - tardigrades). Diagnosis of <em>Hypsibius</em> sp. A, <em>Isohypsibius</em> sp. A, and species of Ramazzottiidae with discussion on the status of taxa, is provided. To check what analytes are associated with the presence of tardigrades in High Arctic glacier chemical analyses were carried out on samples taken from the Buchan Glacier. pH values and the chemical composition of anions and cations from cryoconite hole water from the Buchan Glacier are also presented. The current study on the Spitsbergen glaciers clearly indicates that tardigrade species richness in cryoconite holes is lower than tardigrade species richness in Arctic tundra ecosystems, but consists of unique cryoconite hole species. As cryoconite tardigrades may feed on bacteria as well as algae, they are primary consumers and grazers - secondary consumers of the decomposer food chain in this extreme ecosystem. </p>

Root growth in a polar semidesert environment

1978 ◽  
Vol 56 (20) ◽  
pp. 2470-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Bell ◽  
L. C. Bliss
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Moisture Gradient ◽  
Small Roots ◽  
Total Plant ◽  
Root:Shoot Ratios

Within the northwestern islands of the High Arctic, the vegetation and flora of King Christian Island are very representative. Five plant communities were recognized in a moisture gradient from a moss–rush moist meadow with 22 species of vascular plants and 13% cover (total plant cover 93%) to lichen barrens on low ridges with 8 species of vascular plants and 3% cover (total plant cover 24%). Root systems of 30 of the 34 known vascular plant species were examined. Root:shoot ratios (alive) are generally 0.2 to 0.7. Roots are estimated to live 1.5 years in Phippsia algida, 3.4–3.7 years in Alopecurus alpinus and Puccinellia vaginata, and 7–13 years in Luzula nivalis, L. confuse), and Cerastium arcticum. Optimal root growth occurs at 12 to 20 °C but cold field soils (1 to 3 °C) reduce these rates by 90%. Root growth was also reduced by low soil water potentials (< − 14 bars (1 bar = 100 kPa)), conditions seldom encountered in these sites. Limited root growth due to cold soils is combined with the adaptive advantages of small roots to produce small plants and sparse cover in these polar semidesert lands.

In memory of Vera Antonovna Martynenko (1936-2018)

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-154
Keyword(s):  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Ussr Academy ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Plant Cover ◽  
Komi Republic ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Natural Flora

Vera Antonovna Martynenko (17.02.1936–06.01.2018) — famous specialist in the field of studying vascular plant flora and vegetation of the Far North, the Honored worker of the Komi Republic (2006), The Komi Republic State Scientific Award winner (2000). She was born in the town Likhoslavl of the Kali­nin (Tver) region. In 1959, Vera Antonovna graduated from the faculty of soil and biology of the Leningrad State University and then moved to the Komi Branch of USSR Academy of Science (Syktyvkar). From 1969 to 1973 she passed correspondence postgraduate courses of the Komi Branch of USSR Academy of ­Science. In 1974, she received the degree of candidate of biology (PhD) by the theme «Comparative analysis of the boreal flora at the Northeast European USSR» in the Botanical Institute (St. Petersburg). In 1996, Vera Antonovna received the degree of doctor of biology in the Institute of plant and animal ecology (Ekaterinburg) «Flora of the northern and mid subzones of the taiga of the European North-East». The study and conservation of species and coenotical diversity of the plant world, namely the vascular plants flora of the Komi Republic and revealing its transformation under the anthropogenic influence, was in the field of V. A. Martynenko’ scientific interests. She made great contribution to the study of the Komi Republic meadow flora and the pool of medi­cinal plants. She performed inventorying and mapping the meadows of several agricultural enterprises of the Republic, revealed the species composition and places for harvesting medicinal plants and studied their productivity in the natural flora of the boreal zone. The results of her long-term studies were used for making the NPA system and the Red Book of the Komi Republic (1998 and 2009). Vera Antonovna participated in the research of the influence of placer gold mining and oil development on the natural ecosystems of the North, and developed the method of long-term monitoring of plant cover. Results of these works are of high practical value. V. A. Martynenko is an author and coauthor of more than 130 scientific publications. The most important jnes are «Flora of Northeast European USSR» (1974, 1976, and 1977), «Floristic composition of fodder lands of the Northeast Europe» (1989), «The forests of the Komi Republic» (1999), «Forestry of forest resources of the Komi Republic» (2000), «The list of flora of the Yugyd va national park» (2003), «The guide for vascular plants of the Syktyvkar and its vicinities» (2005), «Vascular plants of the Komi Republic» (2008), and «Resources of the natural flora of the Komi Republic» (2014). She also was an author of «Encyclopedia of the Komi Republic» (1997, 1999, and 2000), «Historical and cultural atlas of the Komi Republic» (1997), «Atlas of the Komi Republic» (2001, 2011). V. A. Martynenko made a great contribution to the development of the botanical investigations in the North. Since 1982, during more than 10 years, she was the head of the Department of the Institute of Biology. Three Ph. D. theses have been completed under her leadership. Many years, she worked actively in the Dissertation Council of the Institute of biology Komi Scientific Centre UrB RAS.  The death of Vera Antonovna Martynenko is a heavy and irretrievable loss for the staff of the Institute of Biology. The memory of Vera Antonovna will live in her numerous scientific works, the hearts of students and colleagues.

scholarly journals Moving out of town? The status of alien plants in high‐Arctic Svalbard, and a method for monitoring of alien flora in high‐risk, polar environments

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesamine C. Bartlett ◽  
Kristine Bakke‐Westergaard ◽  
Ingrid M. G. Paulsen ◽  
Ronja E. M. Wedegärtner ◽  
Florian Wilken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Alien Plants ◽  
Alien Flora ◽  
The Status

Long-term experimentally deepened snow decreases growing-season respiration in a low- and high-arctic tundra ecosystem

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1236-1248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp R. Semenchuk ◽  
Casper T. Christiansen ◽  
Paul Grogan ◽  
Bo Elberling ◽  
Elisabeth J. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Growing Season ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Tundra Ecosystem

scholarly journals Plant community composition and species richness in the High Arctic tundra: From the present to the future

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (23) ◽  
pp. 10233-10242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Nabe-Nielsen ◽  
Signe Normand ◽  
Francis K. C. Hui ◽  
Laerke Stewart ◽  
Christian Bay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Composition ◽  
Plant Community ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
High Arctic ◽  
Plant Community Composition ◽  
The Future

scholarly journals Increased Turnover but Little Change in the Carbon Balance of High-Arctic Tundra Exposed to Whole Growing Season Warming

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fleur L. Marchand ◽  
Ivan Nijs ◽  
Hans J. de Boeck ◽  
Fred Kockelbergh ◽  
Sofie Mertens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Arctic Tundra ◽  
High Arctic

scholarly journals Estimation of the Number of General Anesthesia Cases Based on a Series of Nationwide Surveys on Twitter during COVID-19 Pandemic in Japan: A Statistical Analysis

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 153
Author(s):  
Yosuke Fujii ◽  
Hiroki Daijo ◽  
Kiichi Hirota
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Japanese Society ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Japanese Government ◽  
State Of Emergency ◽  
Social Network Service ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Data ◽  
The Status ◽  
Minimum Number

Background and objectives: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has spread to more than 200 countries. In light of this situation, the Japanese Government declared a state of emergency in seven regions of Japan on 7 April 2020 under the provisions of the law. The medical care delivery system has been under pressure. Although various surgical societies have published guidelines on which to base their surgical decisions, it is not clear how general anesthesia has been performed and will be performed in Japan. Materials and Methods: One of the services provided by the social network service Twitter is a voting function—Twitter Polls—through which anonymous surveys were conducted. We analyzed the results of a series of surveys 17 times over 22 weeks on Twitter on the status of operating restrictions using quadratic programming to solve the mathematical optimizing problem, and public data provided by the Japanese Government were used to estimate the current changes in the number of general anesthesia performed in Japan. Results: The minimum number of general anesthesia cases per week was estimated at 67.1% compared to 2015 on 27 April 2020. The timeseries trend was compatible with the results reported by the Japanese Society of Anesthesiologists (correlation coefficient r = 0.69, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The number of general anesthesia was reduced up to two-thirds during the pandemic of COVID-19 in Japan and was successfully quantitatively estimated using a quick questionnaire on Twitter.

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