Churchill about division of spheres of influence and the new device of the world

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (08) ◽  
pp. 166-190
Author(s):  
Lydiya Grishaeva
Keyword(s):  
New Device ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The World

Is International Law International?

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthea Roberts ◽  
Martti Koskenniemi
Keyword(s):  
South China Sea ◽  
International Law ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
South China ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
International Lawyer ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
The World ◽  
Anglo American

Is International Law International? takes the reader on a sweeping tour of the international legal academy to reveal some of the patterns of difference, dominance, and disruption that belie international law’s claim to universality. Both revealing and challenging, confronting and engaging, this book is a must-read for any international lawyer, particularly in a world of shifting geopolitical power. Pulling back the curtain on the “divisible college of international lawyers,” the author shows how international lawyers in different states, regions, and geopolitical groupings are often subject to differences in their incoming influences and outgoing spheres of influence in ways that affect how they understand and approach international law, including with respect to contemporary controversies like Crimea and the South China Sea. Using case studies and visual representations, the author demonstrates how actors and materials from some states and groups have come to dominate certain transnational flows and forums in ways that make them disproportionately influential in constructing the “international”—a point which holds true for Western actors, materials, and approaches in general, and Anglo-American ones in particular. But these patterns are set for disruption. As the world moves past an era of Western dominance and toward greater multipolarity, it is imperative for international lawyers to understand the perspectives of those coming from diverse backgrounds. By taking readers on a comparative tour of different international law academies and textbooks, the author encourages international lawyers to see the world through others’ eyes—an approach that is pressing in a world of rising nationalism.

China and Russia tactics will undercut their vaccines

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Trust In Government ◽  
Biomedical Technology ◽  
Content Type ◽  
National Pride ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Global Demand ◽  
The World ◽  
Phase Iii Trials

Significance For Russia, it would be a chance for international acclaim and to stoke national pride. For China, success would offset its shortcomings in responding to the emergence of COVID-19 and would demonstrate superior biomedical technology to the world and its own citizens. These two governments' efforts can influence the speed at which the pandemic is brought under control. Impacts Multiple successful vaccines would help overcome production and logistical challenges to meet global demand. The value of vaccine development companies is likely to be volatile, as phase III trials and results are reported over the next few months. Western states will be reluctant to take Chinese or Russian vaccines. Some regional vaccine blocs, mirroring global powers' spheres of influence, could emerge. Moscow may use disinformation to sow distrust of vaccines in Western countries, slowing innoculations and eroding trust in government.

The Enlightened Image of Nature in the Dutch East Indies: Consequences of Postmodernist Doctrine for Broad Structures and Intimate Life

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis Pyenson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Natural History ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social History ◽  
Alternative Explanation ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
Dutch East Indies ◽  
Intimate Life

Eighteenth-century natural-history illustration in the Dutch East Indies reveals verisimilitude as a goal shared between colonial artists and their counterparts in Europe. Natural-history images more generally exhibit common styles in the world settled and dominated by Europeans. Apparently dramatic differences in the local settings of the artists produced only trivial variations in representing nature pictorially, in just the way that astronomy and physics in the European colonies and spheres of influence departed hardly at all from European practice. The overwhelming strength of disciplinary norms, in science and in art, is the standard explanation for this circumstance. An alternative explanation from social history is proposed. It centers on the hypothesis of a homology between households in colonial settings and in Europe. The alternative explanation implies that both the observatory and the artist's workshop were insensitive to superstructural variation in costume and architecture, as well as variation in climate and cuisine. The hypothesis behind the alternative explanation, designated by the term complementarity, derives directly from the postmodernist dictum that ideas are extrusions of social interactions. Nevertheless, just as the strength of disciplinary norms is unresolved in postmodernist doctrine, so complementarity directly challenges the postmodernist predilection for affirming the distinctiveness of colonial cultures.

scholarly journals Transnational organized crime as a modern phenomenon: definitions and main features

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (19) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Olena Tkachova
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Minimal Risk ◽  
Transnational Organized Crime ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Criminal Organizations ◽  
Crime Organization ◽  
The World ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Modern Technologies

The article analyzes the current situation in the world from the standpoint of the spread of such a negative phenomenon as transnational organized crime. It has been proven that by reducing the time of entry into another country, and in EU countries also by eliminating the need for customs control, it is easier for criminals not only to quickly and unhindered to get, so to speak, to another part of the hemisphere, but also to move, hide or hide goods, weapons, etc. In addition, a powerful impetus to criminal activity was given by globalization, the development of modern technologies, in particular, methods, techniques, programs used in modern banking, facilitated the implementation of international criminal agreements, and the electronics revolution gave criminals, including criminal organizations, access to new means and methods of obtaining funds.It is substantiated that transnational organized crime is one of the highest levels of criminal evolution, a qualitatively new form of crime organization, their antisocial, illegal activities go beyond the territory and jurisdiction of one state, and the subjects are sustainable criminal organizations, whose activities and spheres of influence applies not to one but to several countries, neighboring states, regions, etc. They operate in different regions of the world, have a certain specialization, use various methods, techniques (blackmail, intimidation, corruption schemes), and are united by a common goal - to obtain a very high (maximum) profit while ensuring minimal risk.

scholarly journals The Yalta Conference of the “Big Three” in 1945 and Ukraine’s Appearance on the International Stage

2016 ◽  
pp. 97-121
Author(s):  
A. Kudryachenko
Keyword(s):  
Great Powers ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Special Analysis ◽  
War Criminals ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Issues ◽  
Post War ◽  
Foreign Ministers

The article analyzes the decisions of the Yalta international conference of the leaders of  the  Allied States, i.e.  USSR,  USA and  UK, aimed at solving the key issues of the final stage of  war with Nazi Germany and its satellites: coordination of military activities,  creation of four occupation zones on German territory, declared common goal of unconditional surrender as well as the principles of the post-war demilitarization and denazification of Germany, just punishment of war criminals, compensation for damages caused by the Nazis and  creation of the inter-Alliance  Control Commission in Moscow. The article considers the agreed decisions on establishing a permanent mechanism for regular consultations among the three Foreign Ministers of the Allied States related to  post-war arrangement and order in Europe and the world as well as the Allies’ policy on liberated territories. The author analyses the conditions leading to creation of the new system of relations and spheres of influence of the great powers in the world. The article contains a special  analysis of Allies’ decisions regarding  creation of the UN and  inclusion of Ukraine into the number of states-founders of this international organization. The issues related to legal capacity of Ukraine in the post-war decades are also considered.

scholarly journals A2AD Concept in the Modern Security Environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-57
Author(s):  
Ionuț Alin Cirdei
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Freedom Of Movement ◽  
Security Environment ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Freedom Of Action

Abstract In the 21st century, the international scene witnesses major changes in the security environment. There are many actions aimed at redefining spheres of influence and reaffirming states as great powers. The international scene is dominated by two entities that were antagonistic during the Cold War: Russia and NATO. In recent years, Russia is trying to impose itself again as a global actor and is therefore trying to consolidate its power in Europe and the world, both by reforming its armed forces and by participating in various conflicts in the hot zones of the world. Russia perceives NATO as its main adversary, which is trying to get closer to its vital space, reduce its spheres of influence and isolate it. As a reaction, Russia initiated a series of complex actions aimed at both maintaining buffer zones and banning access and limiting NATO's freedom of movement in the immediate vicinity of its borders. To this end, Russia has developed a series of capabilities to prevent the opponent from entering a certain area and to reduce or even forbid him any freedom of action once he has entered the area, this approach of Russia being part of the A2AD (Anti-access, Area Denial) policy

Domestic railways through the prism of the country's history

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 454-462
Author(s):  
A. B. Voulfov
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Current State ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The World

The construction of railways in Russia, as well as throughout the world, contributed to the emergence of numerous new areas of social life, including stimulating the emergence of previously unknown new sectors of the economy. On the basis of a historical review, the mission of the railways in improving the Russian society is considered, the spheres of influence on public life, aesthetic education and enrichment of the appearance of the landscape, the development of the sphere of enlightenment and education, missionary work, and service are listed. Examples of solving the problem of long-distance year-round communication, regardless of the climate, main communication across the vastness of Russia, the creation of a special tradition of transportation, which determined the still living everyday style of life of Russian railways, are given.Having spawned a new tradition of messages, people have created a different system of relationships with the world. The railway has played a leading role in this and has a long and honorable history, it is a great chronicle of heroism, labor, scientific thought and culture.The study is devoted to the initial stage of development of railways and aspects of their impact on the life of Russians. The following will describe the historical events that predetermined the current state of domestic railways in the context of the everyday life of compatriots.

scholarly journals ‘Outdooring’ the Historical Corpus of English in Ghana

English Today ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorsten Brato
Keyword(s):  
Identity Construction ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Linguistic Description ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Synchronic Comparison ◽  
Different Levels

Over the last 30 years there has been an upsurge in research and theorising on postcolonial Englishes. Beginning with Kachru's (1985) Three Circles model, more recently the focus has shifted to models focusing on identity construction and historical developments (Schneider, 2007), central and peripheral varieties and their spheres of influence (Mair, 2013), and those aiming to provide a more integrated approach to postcolonial and non-postcolonial Englishes (Buschfeld & Kautzsch, 2017). Dedicated corpora such as the International Corpus of English (ICE; Greenbaum, 1991) and the Corpus of Global Web-based English (GloWbe; Davies & Fuchs, 2015) have been designed to allow for a synchronic comparison of Englishes around the world and have since been widely used to study variation on the different levels of linguistic description within and across varieties. Recently, ICE corpora have also been used to test assumptions laid out by Schneider (2007), e.g. by comparing data from ICE corpora of varieties which have progressed to different phases (Mukherjee & Gries, 2009) or by taking an apparent-time approach to test developments within one variety (Fuchs & Gut, 2015).

Globalizing the 1926 International Sanitary Convention

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 431-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Sealey
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Epidemic Control ◽  
Regional Networks ◽  
Spheres Of Influence ◽  
Epidemic Intelligence ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Global Agreement ◽  
The Way ◽  
Interwar Era

AbstractThe 1926 International Sanitary Convention, which laid out requirements for port sanitation and quarantine in order to limit the spread of diseases internationally, changed the way that the world approached international epidemic control. The 1926 convention is notable for two reasons: the increased reliance on epidemic intelligence rather than quarantine, and the splitting of the world into a series of formalized regional networks under the auspices of a global agreement. This article explores the creation and the limits of this system as a window into shifting understandings of disease and international relations in the interwar era, arguing that sanitary spheres of influences were shaped by, but not entirely dependent on, political spheres of influence.

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