Lithuanian landholders in the State of Teutonic Order in the second half of the 13th—14th centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (12-3) ◽  
pp. 171-181
Author(s):  
Sergei Denisov
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Military Service ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Conflict ◽  
Personal Security ◽  
The Social ◽  
Composition Property ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article is devoted to the composition, property and functions of Lithuanian followers of Order in 1283-1370. By using of prosopographical analysis it’s possible to conclude that given group were engaged in the social system of new state as small landholders obliged to military service and settled in Prussia. Order granted land estates in the regions of Sambia, Warmia and Pomezania, which were far from the area of its military conflict with Grand Duchy of Lithuania. By this way brothers demonstrated their ability to guarantee personal security and safety of property of new followers that was necessary for expansion of Order’s influence on the inhabitants of Lithuania.

scholarly journals The Role of Military Service in the Integration/Segregation of Muslims, Christians and Druze within Israel

Societies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rami Zeedan
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Minority ◽  
Social System ◽  
Military Service ◽  
The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Positive Peace ◽  
New Nation ◽  
State Relations ◽  
State Of Israel

This study applies the negative peace/positive peace approach to internal nation-state relations between the majority and ethnic minority. This approach focuses on the policies implemented by the state. In order to understand the social system from its formation, an important focus should be given to the period of establishment of a new state, whereas physical borders are defined along with the borders of society, which determines who is included in the new nation and who is excluded. The conclusions are based on the case of the Israeli Druze, an ethnic minority with whom the state of Israel and its Jewish majority have achieved positive peace. This study suggests that the positive peace with the Druze was achieved following their integration in the army—as a decision of the state of Israel—that lead to their integration in the Israeli society. Conversely to the Israeli Muslims, where a negative peace is maintained, following the early year’s state policy to exclude them.

scholarly journals Pogezanian lieges in the State of Teutonic Order in 1261–1370

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
С.А. Денисов
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Main Part ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
The State ◽  
Military Force ◽  
Baltic Region ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy ◽  
Group 1

Статья посвящена инкорпорированию жителей Погезании, одной из за- падных прусских земель, в орденскую систему ленного землевладения в 1261–1370 гг. Основную часть ленников (173 из 176 персон) составили лица, обязанные нести во- енную службу и платить налог (группа 1) или освобожденные от податей (группа 2). Рост их численности был связан с потребностями Ордена в военной силе и доходах от земельной собственности для борьбы с Великим Литовским княжеством за поли- тическое лидерство в Юго-Восточной Прибалтике. The article deals with the incorporation of inhabitants of Pogezania one of the western Prussian lands, into the Order’s system of fi ef land ownership in 1261–1370. The main part of lieges (173 from 176 persons) consisted of individuals, who were obliged to keep military service and to pay taxes (group 1) or free from any payment (group 2). The growth of their number was caused by needs of Order in military force and incomes from the land estates for the struggle with Grand Duchy of Lithuania for the leadership in South-East of Baltic region.

scholarly journals Migration of Local Landholders in the State of the Teutonic Order between the 1280s and 1370s

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Sergey A. Denisov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
New Community ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development ◽  
The Church

This article considers the incorporation of Prussians, Sudovians, and Scalovians who migrated to territories which were not theirs originally, into the social system of the State of the Teutonic Order between the 1280s and 1370s. The author examines the main aspects of this issue, i.e. property status and duties of migrants, with reference to data from 41 acts granted to them by the Order and the church, and the Chronicles written by Peter of Dusburg and Caspar Shuetz. The study of these data with the help of the prosopographical and historical and comparative methods makes it possible to determine the main directions of migration, number of migrants, size, and composition of their property and duties performed in relation to the Order and the church. The main regions for migration were Sambia and Pomesania, receiving 5 144 out of 5 166 persons. The choice of the regions was caused by the lack of local farmers that was the result of the devastation committed during the struggle of Prussians, Scalovians, and Sudovians with the expansion of the Order between 1260s and 1280s. Another reason was the remoteness of Sambia and Pomesania from the migrants’ native lands and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. On the one hand, it prevented possible union between the settlers and the Lithuanian rulers and, on the other hand, fostered communication between the migrants and the Order which guaranteed the former status in the new community. The incorporation of Prussians, Scalovians, and Sudovians was carried out by granting them fief or locator’s office and implied the definition of their rights and duties similar to those enjoyed by the local inhabitants. The migrants served in the military, paid taxes, had jurisdiction over their peasants, added unclaimed lands to their property, received permission to fish in the nearby waters, etc. These features testify to the successful incorporation of migrants into the new social system that contributed to a further development of the State of the Teutonic Order.

scholarly journals Pomezanian Feoffees in the State of the Teutonic Order in the 1260–1370s

2021 ◽  
pp. 225-243
Author(s):  
Sergey Denisov
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Military Campaigns ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Military ◽  
Order State

The article deals with the problem of incorporation of the Pomezanians who settled in western Prussian lands in the social system of the Order State in the 1260–1370s. To research this problem, the article discusses composition and functions of 227 feoffees entered the service of brethern and bishops. These aspects have not been thoroughly studied in historiography; they are fixed in 147 acts, such as Pomezanian Law and the Chronicles of Peter of Dusburg and Wigand of Marburg. The given aspects have been researched with prosopographical, historical- comparative, typological, and diachron-synchronous methods, that allowed us to make the following conclusions. The majority of feoffees (165 of 227 persons) kept the military service for their estates and additionally paid natural, natural-money or cash taxes (Group 1) or were free from taxes (Group 2). These groups were constantly increased in number in the 1260–1370s. It was caused by the Order need for warriors for military campaigns against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland. In contrast to them, Group 3 was rarely replenished and paid the brethern and church additional taxes from distinct lands. These groups had social-propriety differentiation, negative consequences of the latter were neutralized by the Order and church due to the heirs’ increasing numver, permission to change land estates, exemption from military service and taxes for a certain period of time and other actions. These measures were based on the local law and combined with regulations of military service and taxes fixed in Culm Charter. This situation the flexible policy conducted by the brethern and church in Pomezania. It became the basis for successful incorporation of local inhabitants in the social system of the Order State.

scholarly journals "Zapiski domowe" biskupa Macieja Wołonczewskiego jako przyczynek do poznania sytuacji społecznej i językowej na terenie dawnego Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego pod władzą carów

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
Zofia Sawaniewska-Mochowa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
The State ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Linguistic Research ◽  
The Social ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

"The Domestic Notes" by Bishop Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius) as a contribution to the knowledge of the social and linguistic situation on the territory of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania under the rule of the tsarsThe article introduces the interesting, albeit controversial, figure of Maciej Wołonczewski (Motiejus Valančius), an important member of the nineteenth-century clergy, and his Polish-language legacy. The bishop of Samogitia’s "Domestic Notes" document persecutions of the Catholic Church in Lithuania after the November and January Uprisings at the hands of Russian Tzarist authorities, and reflect the state of Polish language and its social functions in this historical period.Valančius’ manuscripts, published in the volume edited by the historians Aldona Prašmantaitė and Jan Jurkiewicz [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (The Domestic Notes), Vilnius: Baltos Lankos, 2003], were subjected to the far-reaching standardization of spelling, thus they are not a reliable source for a linguistic research. A linguist, who would make the effort of describing the Polish language of the author, should therefore locate and take advantage the original sources, dispersed in various archives in Vilnius. "Домашние записки" епископа Матвея Волончевского. К вопросу о социальной и языковой обстановке на территории бывшего Великого княжества Литовского во время царского правленияСтатья приближает интересную, но спорную, личность священника XIX-го века и его письменное наследие на польском языке. Заметки епископа Матвея Волончевского документируют репрессии, применяемые царским правительством по отношению к Католической церкви в Литве после восстаний против царской власти, и – одновременно – отражают состояние тогдашнего польского языка и его общественные функции. Изданные в научной разработке историков: Альдоны Прашмантайте и Яна Юркевича рукописи Волончевского [Motiejus Valančius, Namų užrašai (Домашние заметки), Vilnius: Baltos lankos, 2003] сильно кодифицированы и не могут быть достоверным источником лингвистических исследований. Лингвист, который захочет изучить польский язык жемайтского автора, будет вынужден работать с подлинниками, разбросанными по разным вильнюсским архивным фондам.

D?r al-?arb as the Motherland? The Muslim Tatars of (the Grand Duchy of) Lithuania and Social Contract

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-177
Author(s):  
Egdūnas Račius
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social Contract ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Nation State ◽  
The Social ◽  
State And Society ◽  
Muslim Minority ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Grand Duchy

Muslim presence in Lithuania, though already addressed from many angles, has not hitherto been approached from either the perspective of the social contract theories or of the compliance with Muslim jurisprudence. The author argues that through choice of non-Muslim Grand Duchy of Lithuania as their adopted Motherland, Muslim Tatars effectively entered into a unique (yet, from the point of Hanafi fiqh, arguably Islamically valid) social contract with the non-Muslim state and society. The article follows the development of this social contract since its inception in the fourteenth century all the way into the nation-state of Lithuania that emerged in the beginning of the twentieth century and continues until the present. The epitome of the social contract under investigation is the official granting in 1995 to Muslim Tatars of a status of one of the nine traditional faiths in Lithuania with all the ensuing political, legal and social consequences for both the Muslim minority and the state.

Female Christian prose today: A failed search for new women’s subjectivity?

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 132-149
Author(s):  
E. Chelpanova
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social System ◽  
Family Values ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Work ◽  
Conservative Approach ◽  
Female Subjectivity ◽  
Female Characters ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of

In her analysis of books by Maya Kucherskaya, Olesya Nikolaeva, and Yulia Voznesenskaya, the author investigates the history of female Christian prose from the 1990s until the present day. According to the author, it was in the 1990s, the period of crisis and transformation of the social system, that female Christian writers were more vocal, than today, on the issues of the new post-Soviet female subjectivity, drawing on folklore imagery and contrasting the folk, pagan philosophy with the Christian one, defined by an established set of rules and limitations for the principal female roles. Thus, the folklore elements in Kucherskaya’s early works are considered as an attempt to represent female subjectivity. However, the author argues that, in their current work, Kucherskaya and other representatives of the so-called female Christian prose tend to choose different, objectivizing methods to represent female characters. This new and conservative approach may have come from a wider social context, including the state-imposed ‘family values’ program.

scholarly journals Evaluation of personnel of the State border service of Ukraine

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 49-59
Author(s):  
Nataliia Lipovska ◽  
Mykola Malanchii
Keyword(s):  
Social System ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
The State ◽  
Professional Standard ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Social ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Method Of Evaluation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Holistic Description

The article reveals the technology of assessing the professional suitability of officials to perform their functions on the basis of the method of modeling and comparing assessments with the necessary parameters for the position, ie with the model. The term "model" is used as a holistic description of the coordination of the requirements of the social system (SS) with the possibilities of their implementation. The model in this case is a professional standard, which is developed for each position. The professional standard is the agreed standard by which employees should work. This method - the method of evaluation using a professional standard, is the result of the implementation of the principle of consistency in the construction of the model. According to the authors, the method is not only novelty approach, but also versatility. It is possible to estimate by means of a professional standard not only the expert, but also group, potential of collective, it is possible to make comparisons, to define weaknesses and strongnesses of the organizations. The technique developed by authors is offered that allows to carry out various necessary variations with the estimated signs, including visual display of results in various forms.Job modeling refers to ideal or imaginary modeling (as opposed to material, substantive, when modeling physical and mathematical objects) and is based largely on the idealization of the object. In our opinion, at no stage can the model be embodied in an absolutely accurate copy due to the unforeseen influence of many external factors.Modeling of evaluation characteristics in personnel activity is a necessary element in the real assessment of the state of affairs in the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine. That is why their importance is growing in the context of its reform, taking into account the impact on it of both negative and positive factors.

scholarly journals The social biography of the Lublin Diet’s participant (1569): Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-21
Author(s):  
U. A. Padalinski
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
The Military ◽  
Grand Duchy

The article explores the biographies of Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka, who represented the Viciebsk district at the Diet of 1569 and directly participated in the conclusion of the Union of Lublin. For a long time in historiography, attention was paid only to the most influential figures of this Diet. However, the simple, «unremarkable» representatives of the wide circles of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ nobility played their role in the negotiations on the union. Interests and ideas, conscious and values, and finally, the personal experience of these people directly determined their social and political position, and therefore, to one degree or another, the life of the entire state. The aim of research is to reflect the most important forms of social activity of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania’ petty and middle nobility in the second half of the 16th century on the example of two Viciebsk noblemen’s unique destinies. It shows the influence of the military and political events of the 1560s on political activities of Peter Kisel and Cimafiej Hurka. The Livonian War’s experience definitely influenced their position on the conclusion of the union between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish Kingdom in 1569. The author concludes that it was the cardinal transformations of the 1560s (state reforms, the establishment of the Commonwealth) that allowed them to actively participate in a public life of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It also enabled Kisel and Hurka noble families to take a firm place among the political elite of the Viciebsk district for a long time. It is emphasized that a detailed study of «unremarkable» noblemen’s biographies provides advanced research of the noble estate of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

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