scholarly journals German in childhood and Latin in adolescence: On the bidialectal nature of lexical access in English

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo E Hernandez ◽  
Juliana Ronderos ◽  
Tres Bodet ◽  
Hannah Claussenius-Kalman ◽  
Ferenc Bunta
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds ◽  
Lexical Items

The nature of word etymology, long a topic of interest in linguistics, has been considered to a much lesser extent in the word recognition literature. The present study created a database of overlapping words from the English Lexicon Project and a database with age of acquisition (AoA) norms which were categorized as either Germanic or Latin-based. Results revealed that Germanic words were learned earlier than Latin-based words. Germanic words also showed lower reaction times and higher accuracy relative to Latin-based words even when controlling for AoA, word frequency and length. The findings support a bidialectal view of English in that Germanic words serve as the base of lexical processing during childhood, whereas Latin-based words fill in the lexical space across adolescence and into early adulthood. These results carry implications for theories of word recognition and the processing of lexical items in populations that come from linguistically diverse backgrounds.

scholarly journals German in childhood and Latin in adolescence: On the bidialectal nature of lexical access in English

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo E. Hernandez ◽  
Juliana Ronderos ◽  
Jean Philippe Bodet ◽  
Hannah Claussenius-Kalman ◽  
My V. H. Nguyen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Nonnative Speakers ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
English Speakers ◽  
Diverse Backgrounds

AbstractThe nature of word etymology, long a topic of interest in linguistics, has been considered to a much lesser extent in the word recognition literature. The present study created a database of overlapping words from the English Lexicon Project (ELP) and a database with the age of acquisition (AoA) norms which were categorized as either Germanic or Latin-based. Results revealed that Germanic words were learned earlier than Latin-based words. Germanic words also showed slower reaction times and higher accuracy relative to Latin-based words even when controlling for AoA, word frequency, and length. Additionally, analyses were conducted using a publicly available database that used the English Crowdsourcing Project (ECP) data with native and second language (L2) English speakers. The results with native speakers were similar to those collected with the ELP. However, nonnative speakers showed better accuracy and faster reaction times for Latin-based words compared to Germanic words. The findings support a bidialectal view of English in that Germanic words serve as the base of lexical processing during childhood, whereas Latin-based words fill in the lexical space across adolescence and into early adulthood. Furthermore, L2 speakers appear to acquire English via more advanced Latin-based vocabulary relative to native speakers. These results carry implications for theories of word recognition and the processing of lexical items in populations that come from linguistically diverse backgrounds.

scholarly journals Determinants of lexical access in speech production: Role of word frequency and age of acquisition

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 999-1010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Cuetos ◽  
Bernardo Alvarez ◽  
María González-Nosti ◽  
Alain Méot ◽  
Patrick Bonin
Keyword(s):  
Speech Production ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Age Of Acquisition

scholarly journals Age of Acquisition and Spoken Words: Examining Hemispheric Differences in Lexical Processing

2022 ◽  
pp. 002383092110684
Author(s):  
Julio González-Alvarez ◽  
Teresa Cervera-Crespo
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Hemispheric Differences ◽  
Objective Criterion ◽  
Adult Participants ◽  
Spoken Words

The relationship between the age of acquisition (AoA) of words and their cerebral hemispheric representation is controversial because the experimental results have been contradictory. However, most of the lexical processing experiments were performed with stimuli consisting of written words. If we want to compare the processing of words learned very early in infancy—when children cannot read—with words learned later, it seems more logical to employ spoken words as experimental stimuli. This study, based on the auditory lexical decision task, used spoken words that were classified according to an objective criterion of AoA with extremely distant means (2.88 vs. 9.28 years old). As revealed by the reaction times, both early and late words were processed more efficiently in the left hemisphere, with no AoA × Hemisphere interaction. The results are discussed from a theoretical point of view, considering that all the experiments were conducted using adult participants.

scholarly journals Age of Acquisition, Ageing, and Verb Production: Normative and Experimental Data

2003 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catriona M. Morrison ◽  
Katherine W. Hirsh ◽  
Geoffrey B. Duggan
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Picture Naming ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Age Of Acquisition ◽  
Naming Speed ◽  
Old Adults

Young and old adults were shown pictured or written verbs and asked to name them as quickly as possible. Simultaneous multiple regression was used to investigate which of a set of potential variables predicted naming speed. Age of acquisition was found to be an important predictor of naming speed in both young and old adults, and for both word and picture naming. Word frequency predicted picture-naming speed only in older adults and failed to make any significant contribution to word-naming speeds for either group of participants. The respective loci and roles of age of acquisition and frequency in lexical processing are discussed in the light of these findings.

Models of Lexical Access in Visual Word Recognition

1982 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Besner ◽  
Margaret Swan
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Lexical Access ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Frequency Word ◽  
Word Repetition ◽  
Word Context ◽  
Stimulus Degradation ◽  
Verification Model

This paper reviews the ability of Morton's Logogen model and Becker's Verification model to accommodate RT data from the lexical decision literature. While both of the models can account for the simple effects of word frequency, word context and word repetition, Morton's Logogen model can not account for some of the patterns of additivity and interaction when the effects of stimulus degradation are considered. An experiment on lexical decision is then reported in which stimulus degradation and repetition are factorially varied; degradation and repetition are shown to be interacting factors. These results are inconsistent with the Verification model but consistent with the Logogen model. Finally, further versions of both the Logogen and Verification models are considered and possible multiple sources are proposed to account for the effects of degradation, repetition and word frequency.

Morphological schemas

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ray Jackendoff ◽  
Jenny Audring
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Standard Notion ◽  
Lexical Items ◽  
Experimental Findings ◽  
Lexical Relations

We propose a theory of the lexicon in which rules of grammar, encoded as declarative schemas, are lexical items containing variables. We develop a notation to encode precise relations among lexical items and show how this differs from the standard notion of inheritance. We also show how schemas can play both a generative role, acting as productive rules, and also a relational role, where they codify nonproductive but nevertheless prolific patterns within the lexicon. We then show how this theory of lexical relations can be embedded directly into a theory of lexical access and lexical processing, such that it can make direct contact with experimental findings.

scholarly journals Individual differences in bilingual word recognition: The role of experiential factors and word frequency in cross-language lexical priming

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Adel Chaouch-Orozco ◽  
Jorge González Alonso ◽  
Jason Rothman
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Masked Priming ◽  
Stimulus Level ◽  
Continuous Variables ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Priming Effects

Abstract In studies of bilingual word recognition with masked priming, first language (L1) primes activate their second language (L2) translation equivalents in lexical decision tasks, but effects in the opposite direction are weaker (Wen & van Heuven, 2017). This study seeks to clarify the relative weight of stimulus-level (frequency) and individual-level (L2 proficiency, L2 exposure/use) factors in the emergence of asymmetrical priming effects. We offer the first data set where L2 proficiency and L1/L2 exposure/use are simultaneously investigated as continuous variables, along with word frequency. While we replicate the asymmetry in priming effects, our data provide useful insights into the factors driving L2–L1 priming. These fall almost exclusively under the category of stimulus-level factors, with L2 exposure/use being the only experiential variable to show considerable influence, although complex interactions involving L2 proficiency and word frequency are also present. We discuss the implications of these results for models of bilingual lexical processing and for the appropriate measurement of experiential factors in this type of research.

scholarly journals Is there a cost at encoding words with joined letters during visual word recognition?

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Roldán ◽  
Ana Marcet ◽  
Manuel Perea
Keyword(s):  
Word Recognition ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Visual Word Recognition ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Lexical Processing ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Visual Word ◽  
The Cost

AbstractFor simplicity, models of visual-word recognition have focused on printed words composed of separated letters, thus overlooking the processing of cursive words. Manso de Zuniga, Humphreys, and Evett (1991) claimed that there is an early “cursive normalization” encoding stage when processing written words with joined letters. To test this claim, we conducted a lexical decision experiment in which words were presented either with separated or joined letters. To examine if the cost of letter segmentation occurs early in processing, we also manipulated a factor (i.e., word-frequency) that is posited to affect subsequent lexical processing. Results showed faster response times for the words composed of separated letters than for the words composed of joined letters. This effect occurred similarly for low- and high-frequency words. Thus, the present data offer some empirical support to Manso de Zuniga et al.’s (1991) idea of an early “cursive normalization” stage when processing joined-letters words. This pattern of data can be used to constrain the mapping of the visual input into letter and word units in future versions of models of visual word recognition.

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