scholarly journals Explaining the physiological cationic distribution in erythrocytes: The murburn perspective

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelath Murali Manoj
Keyword(s):  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Hydration Shell ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Ionic Adsorption ◽  
Cationic Distribution ◽  
Dissolved Phase ◽  
Innate Ability

Living cells are characterized by the interesting disparity in the distribution of monovalent and divalent cations, as per the order: K+ > Na+ > Mg2+ >> Ca2+. Classical biologists attribute this to energy-expended and affinity-driven processes mediated by membrane-embedded proteins. Independent physicists had proposed ionic adsorption at various interfaces and/or differences in hydration shell characteristics of the ions as the reasons for the same Herein, human erythrocytes are considered as a simple ‘living cell’ model. Energy metabolism-based outcomes (murburn equilibriums) and the dissolved-phase proteins’ innate ability to bind/adsorb ions selectively are suggested as the integral rationale for the observed phenomenon.

scholarly journals Nanoarchitectonics on living cells

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (31) ◽  
pp. 18898-18914
Author(s):  
Katsuhiko Ariga ◽  
Rawil Fakhrullin
Keyword(s):  
Living Cell ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Material Surfaces ◽  
As If

We can introduce functional structures with various components on a living cell as if architectures were constructed on material surfaces.

scholarly journals Cryptococcus neoformans – New Science for Discovering Melanin Modifiers

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
R. Soundharya ◽  
V. Aruna ◽  
G. V. Amruthavalli ◽  
R. Gayathri
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
New Science ◽  
Biological Tool ◽  
Minimal Media ◽  
Presence And Absence

Aim: The present study was taken up to establish the effect of niacinamide on phenoloxidase lead melanogenesis and to prove the reliability of C. neoformans based screening methodology. Methods: The organism was grown in the Minimal media in presence and absence of L- DOPA and Niacinamide and checked for its pigment producing ability at different time intervals. Results: Niacinamide did not affect the pigmentation in Cryptococcus neoformans in the absence or presence of L-Dopa. Conclusion: Cryptococcus neoformans as a biological tool for studying the mechanism of action of various melanin promoters/ inhibitors. The present study highlights the importance and usefulness of Cryptococcus neoformans based screening invention as it is cost effective rapid and ‘living cell model’.

Graphene-Semiconductor Tubular Needles for Operations of Living Cells

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
Aleksandr V. Kopylov ◽  
Viktor Ya. Prinz
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Cylindrical Shells ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Graphene Structures

The possibility of application of the novel class of tubular needles for piercing cells and injecting biological material inside the cell is considered. Stability calculations of tubular (multiwall) needles were made. Calculations were made for the needles with walls formed from hybrid graphene-semiconductor or graphene structures and spires shaped as trapeziform open cylindrical shells. The possibility of mass fabrication of such needles and chips for AFM significantly broadens the range of available operations on the surface and inside the living cell and opens prospects of effective high-precision manipulations with individual cells.

Computational Foundations of the Anticipatory Artificial Autopoietic Cellular Automata

2021 ◽  
pp. 289-307
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Dubois ◽  
Stig C. Holmberg
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Cellular Automata ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Artificial Life ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Asymmetric Membrane

A survey of the Varela automata of autopoiesis is presented. The computation of the Varela program, with initial conditions given by a living cell, is not able to self-maintain the membrane of the living cell. In this chapter, the concept of anticipatory artificial autopoiesis (AAA) is introduced. In this chapter, the authors present a new algorithm of the anticipatory artificial autopoiesis, which extend the Varela automata. The main enhancement consists in defining an asymmetric membrane of the artificial lining cell. The simulations show the anticipatory generation of artificial living cells starting with any initial conditions. The new concept of anticipatory artificial autopoiesis is related to artificial life (Alife) and artificial intelligence (AI). This is a breakthrough in the computational foundation of autopoiesis.

scholarly journals Nanorheology of living cells measured by AFM-based force–distance curves

Nanoscale ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 9133-9143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo D. Garcia ◽  
Carlos R. Guerrero ◽  
Ricardo Garcia
Keyword(s):  
Living Cell ◽  
Viscoelastic Properties ◽  
Living Cells

Method to measure the viscoelastic properties of a living cell by AFM-based force–distance curves.

scholarly journals Notes

1933 ◽  
Vol 112 (779) ◽  
pp. 477-479
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Biological Theory ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Chemical Complex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many

Recent work on the osmotic pressure of the hen’s egg has introduced a sense of uncertainty as to the value of the many comparisons which have been made between osmotic pressures of the blood, body fluids, and surrounding media. The uncertainty pertains not to theory but to a simple matter of fact and, as this involves that most fundamental datum for biological theory—viz., the state of the water in the living cell—there is urgent need to have it cleared up. The fact in dispute is the freezing point of the yolk and white of the bird’s egg. Atkins in 1909 by measurements, obviously made with the greatest care, found “no difference between the freezing point of white and yolk of the same egg and a mixture of white and yolk gave the same depression.” Atkins (1909) used the ordinary Beckmann technique and so, too, did Straub (1929) twenty years later, but with a surprisingly different result for he found a constant difference between white and yolk of the hen’s egg amounting on the average to —0·15° C. A. V. Hill (1930) confirmed Straub’s (1929) finding by a different method. He compared the fall in temperature caused by evaporation with that of water and from the difference calculated the osmotic pressure. Howard (1932) using the Beckmann method again found no difference in the freezing point of white and yolk. In these measurements the yolk was puddled by stirring so that at sometime or another the structure was broken down. Yolk is not only a chemical complex but it is alive, gross mechanical disturbance might, therefore, have the effect it usually has on living cells and cause chemical breakdown with consequent fall of the freezing point. Hale’s experiments were designed to explore this possibility by observing directly the freezing point of intact yolk and white.

scholarly journals Energy metabolism adaptations and gene expression reprogramming in a cellular MAFLD model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tian-Ran Zhou ◽  
Cagla Cömert ◽  
Xiaoyu Zhou ◽  
Lin Lin ◽  
Lars Bolund ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Cell Model ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Huh7 Cell ◽  
Mitochondrial Superoxide ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Bioenergetic Analysis ◽  
Vitro Model

Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in metabolic associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). This study aims to characterize mitochondrial dysfunctions in a human MAFLD Huh7 cell model triggered by free fatty acid (FFA) (palmitate and oleate) overload for 24 hours. We investigate its impact on cellular energy metabolism and identify potential targets for MAFLD treatment. FFA-treated cells displayed an accumulation of lipid droplets and slightly decreased viability but no significant changes in mitochondrial superoxide levels. Bioenergetic analysis showed a shift to more respiration and less glycolytic fermentation. Comprehensive transcriptomics and proteomics analyses identified changes in the expression of genes prominently involved in fatty acid handling and metabolism. The expressions of seven genes were consistently and significantly (p<0.05) altered (4 upregulated and 3 downregulated genes) in both proteomics and transcriptomics. The FFA-treated Huh7 cell model is an appropriate in vitro model to study fatty acid metabolism and suitable to investigate the role of mitochondria, glycolysis, and multiple metabolic pathways in MAFLD. Our comprehensive analyses form a basis for drug discovery and screening using this model.

PIT-1 Protein Localization at Different Optical Sections in a Single Living Cell Using FRET Microscopy and Green Fluorescent Proteins

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 133-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ammasi Periasamy ◽  
Richard N. Day
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Protein Localization ◽  
Resonance Energy ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
Prl Gene

The pituitary specific transcription factor Pit-1 is required for transcriptional activity of the prolactin (PRL) gene. The Pit-1 protein is a member of the POU homeodomain transcription factors that is expressed in several different anterior pituitary cell types, where it functions as an important determinant of pituitary-specific gene expression. The Pit-1 protein generally interacts with DNA elements in the PRL gene promoter as a dimer, and has been demonstrated to associate with other transcription factors. The objective of our research is to define the critical molecular events involved in transcriptional regulation of the PRL gene in living cells. Methods that allow monitoring of the intimate interactions between protein partners in living cells provide an unparalleled perspective on these biological processes. Using the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a tag, we applied the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique to visualize where and when the Pit-1 protein interacts in the living cell. FRET is a quantum mechanical effect that occurs between donor (D) and acceptor (A) fluorophores provided: (i) the emission energy of D is coincident with the energy required to excite A, and (ii) the distance that separating the two fluorophores is 10-100 Å. Mutant forms of GFP that fluoresce either green or blue (BFP) have excitation and emission spectra that are suitable for FRET imaging.

scholarly journals Photocatalytic Nanofabrication and Intracellular Raman Imaging of Living Cells with Functionalized AFM Probes

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
Takayuki Shibata ◽  
Hiromi Furukawa ◽  
Yasuharu Ito ◽  
Masahiro Nagahama ◽  
Terutake Hayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Cell Membrane ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Raman Imaging ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Membrane Perforation ◽  
Afm Probe ◽  
Tip Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an effective platform for in vitro manipulation and analysis of living cells in medical and biological sciences. To introduce additional new features and functionalities into a conventional AFM system, we investigated the photocatalytic nanofabrication and intracellular Raman imaging of living cells by employing functionalized AFM probes. Herein, we investigated the effect of indentation speed on the cell membrane perforation of living HeLa cells based on highly localized photochemical oxidation with a catalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2)-functionalized AFM probe. On the basis of force–distance curves obtained during the indentation process, the probability of cell membrane perforation, penetration force, and cell viability was determined quantitatively. Moreover, we explored the possibility of intracellular tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) imaging of molecular dynamics in living cells via an AFM probe functionalized with silver nanoparticles in a homemade Raman system integrated with an inverted microscope. We successfully demonstrated that the intracellular TERS imaging has the potential to visualize distinctly different features in Raman spectra between the nucleus and the cytoplasm of a single living cell and to analyze the dynamic behavior of biomolecules inside a living cell.

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