scholarly journals 3D anthropometric assessment and perception of male body morphology in relation to physical strength

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias L. Kordsmeyer ◽  
Julia Stern ◽  
Lars Penke
Keyword(s):  
Social Perception ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Body Density ◽  
Comprehensive Investigation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Computer Monitors ◽  
Objectively Measured ◽  
Anthropometric Assessment

Objectives: The assessment of men’s physical strength is an important part of human social perception, for which observers rely on different kinds of cues. However, besides previous studies being limited in considerable ways, as yet there is no comprehensive investigation of a range of somatometric measures in relation to both objectively measured and observer-perceived physical strength using valid stimuli. Methods: We examined observer-perceptions of physical strength from 3D body scans of N = 165 men, the usage and validity of somatometric measures as cues to strength, differences between strength ratings from stimuli presented on computer monitors versus in real-life size using a projector, and between male and female observers.Results: A medium-sized correlation between measured and perceived strength was found, partly mediated by target men’s chest-to-hip ratio, body density, ankle girth, height, upper arm and forearm girth. No significant differences between men’s and women’s strength perceptions or the method of stimuli presentation (computer monitor vs. projector) emerged.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that men’s physical strength can be assessed with moderate accuracy from 3D body models and that some somatometric measures represent valid cues, which were used by observers, positively predicting both measured and perceived physical strength.

scholarly journals Conspecific mortality cues mediate associative learning in crickets, Acheta domesticus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander M. Shephard ◽  
Vadim Aksenov ◽  
C. David Rollo
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Associative Learning ◽  
Chemical Nature ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Mediated Learning ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Body Extract ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Aversive Behavior

Many terrestrial and aquatic animals learn associations between environmental features and chemical cues of mortality risk (e.g. conspecific alarm pheromones or predator-derived cues), but the chemical nature of the cues that mediate this type of learning are rarely considered. Fatty acid necromones (particularly oleic and linoleic acids) are well established as cues associated with dead or injured conspecifics. Necromones elicit risk aversive behavior across diverse arthropod phylogenies, yet they have not been linked to associative learning. Here, we provide evidence that necromones can mediate associative olfactory learning in an insect by acting as an aversive reinforcement. When house crickets (Achetadomesticus) were forced to inhabit an environment containing an initially attractive odor along with a necromone cue, they subsequently avoided the previously attractive odor and displayed tolerance for an initially unattractive odor. This occurred when crickets were conditioned with linoleic acid but not when they were conditioned with oleic acid. Similar aversive learning occurred when crickets were conditioned with ethanol body extracts composed of male and female corpses combined, as well as extracts composed of female corpses alone. Conditioning with male body extract did not elicit learned aversion in either sex, even though we detected no notable differences in fatty acid composition between male and female body extracts. We suggest that necromone-mediated learning responses might vary depending on synergistic or antagonistic interactions with sex or species-specific recognition cues.

scholarly journals Studies on the male and female copulatory apparatus of Trichuris globulosa (Nematoda, Trichuridae)

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Kaur ◽  
C. Duggal
Keyword(s):  
Body Wall ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Copulatory Apparatus ◽  
Electron Microscopical ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractThe process of copulation in Trichuris globulosa (see Linstow, 1901) Ransom, 1911 has been studied using morphological, histological and scanning electron microscopical techniques (Keilley et al., 1973). The ventral coiling of the posterior part of the male body around the female is achieved by specialized muscles of the ventral body-wall. The single simple pointed spicule emerges with the everting cirrus and acquires a J-shape. The spicule may help in keeping apart the cuticular brim of the non-spiny noneversible part of the vagina during insemination. The cloacal tube is long with a detached internal cuticle which is eversible to the outside as a cirrus. Eversion is brought about by the protrusion of the spicule and contraction of the muscles of the spicule pouch. During eversion part of the proximal cloacal tube is also extruded and forms the globular part of the cirrus. The globular part is covered with spines, which may help in retaining the male and female in copula. The vagina is differentiated into the proximal vagina uterine and distal vagina vera. The vagina vera has a distal eversible spiny part and a proximal noneversible unarmed part. In Trichuris globulosa, the vagina vera is shorter than the spicule.

Watching Reality TV Programs With Concurrent Sexual and Alcohol Themes Is Associated With Risky Drinking and Sexual Experiences

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janna L. Kim ◽  
Deborah E. Schooler ◽  
Sarah Kay Lazaro ◽  
Jie Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Behavior ◽  
Emerging Adults ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Reality Tv ◽  
Drinking Patterns ◽  
Risky Drinking ◽  
Female Undergraduate ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Male And Female

The real-life risks associated with engaging in sexual behavior while intoxicated or high are rarely depicted on television. This study examined whether heavy exposure to sexual and alcohol content on fictional and reality TV programs would be associated with emerging adults’ risky sexual and alcohol experiences. Of particular interest were programs in which sexual and alcohol themes were perceived to co-occur most strongly and the genre of TV exposure. Participants were 320 male and female undergraduate students between 18 and 25 years of age ( M = 20). Results showed heavier exposure to reality TV programs perceived to have strong, concurrent sexual and alcohol themes, and perceiving reality TV content as realistic was each associated with more harmful drinking patterns and more frequent sexual behavior while intoxicated or high. Methodological and health implications of the findings are discussed.

Women in Scottish Policing

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-208
Author(s):  
Louise A. Jackson ◽  
Neil Davidson ◽  
Linda Fleming ◽  
David M. Smale ◽  
Richard Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Gender Difference ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Police Officers ◽  
The Political ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
Late Twentieth Century

This chapter examines the gradual appointment of female police officers in Scotland from 1915 onwards, the political and social context that shaped these initiatives and the work of women as volunteer patrols and auxiliaries. The chapter highlights the gendered construction of women’s police work in the interwar period, as well as the development of expertise in rape and sexual abuse cases. The authors consider the persistence of the marriage bar in Scotland until 1968 (two decades after its removal in England and Wales), as well as the effects of the closure of Policewomen’s Departments with ‘integration’ in the 1970s. Ideas about gender difference remained crucial in the construction of police identities into the late-twentieth century. Until the bedding in of equal opportunities strategies in the 1990s, the authority associated with policing was assumed to be derived from physical strength and, concomitantly, the male body.

scholarly journals Assessment of physical strength from gait: data from the Maasai of Tanzania

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 20180803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Fink ◽  
Marina L. Butovskaya ◽  
Todd K. Shackelford
Keyword(s):  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Fighting Ability ◽  
Northern Tanzania

In industrialized societies, male gait provides information about physical strength. Male physical strength may be used by men and women to assess the fighting ability of rivals and the quality of potential mates, respectively. Women more than men discriminate between strong and weak walkers when assessing gait attractiveness. We presented videos of British men's gait—pre-categorized into strong and weak walkers—to male and female members ( n = 100) of the traditional Maasai in northern Tanzania in Africa. Maasai men and women judged the gaits of physically strong men less attractive than those of weak men and judged strong walkers to be weaker than weak walkers. These findings counter results from industrialized societies where participants accurately assessed strength from gait, thus arguing against a universal perception of physical strength from gait information.

scholarly journals Exploring male and female preferences, male body condition, and pair bonds in the evolution of male sexual aggregation: the case of the Common Quail (Coturnix coturnix)

2011 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Sardà-Palomera ◽  
M. Puigcerver ◽  
D. Vinyoles ◽  
J.D. Rodríguez-Teijeiro
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Intermediate Step ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Coturnix Coturnix ◽  
Female Preferences ◽  
Pair Bonds ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Quail

One of the unresolved problems of male sexual aggregations is that a small number of males monopolize most matings. The Common Quail ( Coturnix coturnix (L., 1758)), is a bird species that has a short life span and a reproductive strategy that involves male aggregations, which females visit for the purpose of mating. Once a mate has been chosen, birds leave the aggregation and form pair-bonds until incubation begins. This remarkable mating system might represent an intermediate step between lekking and pair-bond mating systems in which males provide some parental care. We designed a field experiment with funnel traps simulating male groups and single females to observe male and female preferences, and to examine the possible evolutionary process that drives males to aggregate. Radio-tagged individuals were also monitored to study pair-bonding behaviour in the field. Our results suggest that body condition is an important factor in male group formation, and that males with better body condition tend to aggregate, while males in poorer condition wait for extra-pair copulation opportunities. Moreover, this mating system creates a situation in which a queuing strategy might occur.

scholarly journals RESPERATORY INDICIES AND ITS RELATION WITH PHYSICAL STRENGTH IN MONG AND NUNG ETHNIC STUDENTS IN LAO CAI PROVINCE

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (1S) ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Hong Cuong ◽  
Vu Van Tam ◽  
Nguyen Phuc Hung
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Biological Value ◽  
Physical Strength ◽  
Current Period ◽  
Lao Cai ◽  
Ethnic Students

The study was conducted among 661 high school pupils of age 16 to 18 years old, including ethnic minority: H’Mong (52,35%), Nung (47,65%) in Bac Ha district, Lao Cai province. The research objectives is to identify biological indicators of male and female students, which provided the human biological value Vietnam in the current period. The finding showed situation of some indexes such as heigh for age, vital capacity (VC), forced vital capacity, Demeny.  

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