scholarly journals The impact of school reopening on COVID-19 dynamics in Bogotá, Colombia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido España ◽  
Zulma M. Cucunubá ◽  
Hernando Diaz ◽  
Sean Cavany ◽  
Nelson Castañeda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Schools ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has affected millions of people around the world. In Colombia, 1.65 million cases and 43,495 deaths were reported in 2020. The exacerbation of poverty is a critical consequence of the pandemic, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Schools have been closed in many places around the world to slow down the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and particularly in Latin America. In Bogotá, Colombia, public schools were closed since March 2020 and stayed closed for in-person instruction for the rest of the year, except for some schools that were open as a pilot for testing policies. To reconcile these two priorities in health and poverty, we estimated the impact of school reopening for in-person instruction in 2021. We used an agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, considering social contact. The model includes schools that represent the set of private and public schools in terms of age, enrollment, location, and size. The model is calibrated to daily incidence of deaths in Bogotá. We simulated school reopening at different capacities, assuming high use of face mask, and evaluated the impact on the number of deaths in the city of different scenarios of school reopening by grade, and multidimensional poverty index. We found that school reopening, based on a correct use of face masks at 75% in >8 years of age, at 35% capacity had a small impact on the number of deaths reported in the city, assuming that overall mobility in the city was similar to the mobility during November. The increase in deaths was smallest when only pre-kinder was opened, and largest when secondary school was opened. Even at larger capacities, the impact on the number of deaths of opening pre-kinder was below 10%. Reopening other grades above 50% of capacity could significantly increase the number of deaths in the city. Reopening schools based on the multidimensional poverty index resulted in a similar increase in the number of deaths, independently on the level of poverty of schools. We conclude that the impact of schools reopening for in-person instruction is lower for pre-kinder grades and the magnitude of additional deaths associated with school reopening can be minimized by adjusting capacity in older grades. In addition, opening lower grades could allow adults, especially the poorest women to return to work.

scholarly journals Impact of Socio Economics Variables on Poverty: An Empirical Analysis for District Chitral of KPK Pakistan

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-53
Author(s):  
Faiz Muhammad ◽  
Amjad Ali
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽  
Household Poverty ◽  
The Impact

This study investigates the impact of socioeconomic variables on household poverty in Chitral valley, the largest district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province of Pakistan. The household poverty index has been constructed while calculating multidimensional poverty index for each household. For this purpose, a representative sample of 252 households has been surveyed while distributing a questionnaire to each household. The data have been collected through stratified sampling technique and the collected data then analyzed while applying descriptive statistical tools and regression techniques. The regression analysis was done while taking explanatory variables as income of the household, the gender of household head, lives stock population of household, age of household head and dependence ratio of the household. Results of the regression analysis show that lives stock population and income of household have significant negative impact on household poverty. The results further reveal that dependency ratio has also significant positive impact on household poverty. Different diagnostics tests have also been applied in order to test the assumptions of the linear regression model and the results of all the diagnostics show the absence of econometric problems in the estimated model. 

scholarly journals How Poor Are People With Disabilities? Evidence Based on the Global Multidimensional Poverty Index

2020 ◽  
pp. 104420732091994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Pinilla-Roncancio ◽  
Sabina Alkire
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
People With Disabilities ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
High Risk Population ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽  
Middle Income Countries

People with disabilities and their families have been recognized as a high-risk population for poverty. Although the number of studies analyzing the levels of poverty of this group has increased, there is still a lack of empirical evidence that establishes whether and how people with disabilities are significantly poorer than families with no disabled members. This study analyses the levels of multidimensional poverty of people living in households with members with disabilities in 11 low- and middle-income countries in different regions of the world, using the global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI). The results reveal that in five of the 11 countries people living in households with disabled members face higher levels of multidimensional poverty compared with people without disabilities. In addition, we found that differences between the levels of poverty were larger in middle-income countries than in low-income countries, revealing the existence of a development disability gap.

scholarly journals The Murderous Coronavirus: Data and Statistics to Die or to Adapt, But Together – That is the Question

2020 ◽  
pp. 089692052097408
Author(s):  
Pali Lehohla
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Official Statistics ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽  
Operational Readiness ◽  
Statistical Agencies ◽  
Economic Depression ◽  
The Impact

Coronavirus is a health pandemic that threatens to spawn an economic depression. The paper explores how the official statistics constituency has been affected inter alia in its readiness of, responses to and requirements for addressing coronavirus by official statistical agencies. First, in the production of statistics and second in measuring the impact of coronavirus in society. The paper sheds light on how the virus has attacked the very lens of observation – statistics as content and statistics as an institution. In particular we explore how the pandemic disrupted the 2020 Round of Population Censuses and what country responses are. In this regard, the responses of countries would be explored from the logistical and operational readiness and adaptation. We will explore how the statistical lens has been used to understand the effects of COVID-19 on well-being. The results of Alkire–Foster method (see OPHI, 2020) that generates multidimensional poverty index will be shared.

scholarly journals Conflict-Induced Poverty: Evidence from Colombia

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Lemus
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Civil Conflict ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽  
Level Data ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

AbstractColombia is a country with both high incidence of poverty and an ongoing civil conflict. This study uses measures of government deterrence and anti-narcotic activity as instruments of conflict-specific variables to estimate the impact of conflict on poverty in Colombia. Using census-level data at the municipality level for 2005, I assess the effect of conflict on both the urban and rural incidence of the newly developed Multidimensional Poverty Index. The findings show that the incidence of conflict significantly increases rural, but not urban, poverty. This is consistent with the fact that most of the conflict in Colombia takes place in rural areas. I also explore the lagged effect of conflict on poverty to conclude that it lasts for at least 3 years, but decreases over time. Finally, I show that the results are robust to a battery of additional specifications, including the use of alternative conflict data and a modified version of the dependent variable.

scholarly journals Provincial Poverty in Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
Gokarna Prasad Gyanwali
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Specific Data ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽  
The People ◽  
Reduction Strategies ◽  
Economic Imperative

Poverty is not only the severe economic condition of people but it is also the cultural, ethical, social, political, psychological and economic imperative of mankind. It is one of the distressing circumstances of people in developing countries have to contend with in their daily lives. It is common among the low and middle income class in these countries like Nepal. This research is based on the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) such as those related to education, health, material wellbeing, energy, water and sanitation, structure of house, and access to other services, varies considerably in seven provinces of Nepal. It illustrates the importance of location-specific data in the development of effective poverty reduction strategies of federal and provincial governments. The MPI shows that, the 28.6%of the people of Nepal are still multi-dimensionally poor meaning that their lives are battered by several deprivations simultaneously. This paper also discusses about the trends and measurement of poverty in Nepal as well as the provincial socio-economic conditions and distribution of poverty.

scholarly journals Measuring Vulnerability to Multidimensional Poverty

2019 ◽  
Vol 148 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Gallardo
Keyword(s):  
Multidimensional Poverty ◽  
Risk Behaviour ◽  
Poverty Measurement ◽  
Multidimensional Space ◽  
Poverty Index ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Multidimensional Poverty Index ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vulnerability Indicators ◽  
Vulnerability To Poverty

Abstract A method to measure vulnerability to multidimensional poverty is proposed under a mean–risk behaviour approach. We extend the unidimensional downside mean–semideviation measurement of vulnerability to poverty towards the multidimensional space by incorporating this approach into Alkire and Foster’s multidimensional counting framework. The new approach is called the vulnerability to multidimensional poverty index (VMPI), alluding to the fact that it can be used to assess vulnerability to poverty measured by the multidimensional poverty index (MPI). The proposed family of vulnerability indicators can be estimated using cross-sectional data and can include both binary and metric welfare indicators. It is flexible enough to be applied for measuring vulnerability in a wide range of MPI designs, including the Global MPI. An empirical application of the VMPI and its related indicators is illustrated using the official MPI of Chile as the reference poverty measurement. The estimates are performed using the National Socioeconomic Characterisation Survey (CASEN) for the year 2017.

scholarly journals Evaluating medical education regulation changes in Brazil: workforce impact

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Medeiros Figueiredo ◽  
Danette Waller McKinley ◽  
Adriano Massuda ◽  
George Dantas Azevedo
Keyword(s):  
Medical Education ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Low Income ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Health Coverage ◽  
Continuous Assessment ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Unified Health System ◽  
Medical Undergraduate ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Shortages and inequitable distribution of physicians is an obstacle to move towards Universal Health Coverage, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. In Brazil, expansion of medical school enrollment, curricula changes and recruitment programs were established to increase the number of physicians in underserved areas. This study seeks to analyze the impact of these measures in reduce inequities in access to medical education and physicians’ distribution. Methods This is an observational study that analyzes changes in the number of undergraduate medical places and number of physicians per inhabitants in different areas in Brazil between the years 2010 and 2018. Data regarding the number of undergraduate medical places, number and the practice location of physicians were obtained in public databases. Municipalities with less than 20,000 inhabitants were considered underserved areas. Data regarding access to antenatal visits were analyzed as a proxy for impact in access to healthcare. Results From 2010 to 2018, 19,519 new medical undergraduate places were created which represents an increase of 120.2%. The increase in the number of physicians engaged in the workforce throughout the period was 113,702 physicians, 74,771 of these physicians in the Unified Health System. The greatest increase in the physicians per 1000 inhabitants ratio in the municipalities with the smallest population, the lowest Gross Domestic Product per capita and in those located in the states with the lowest concentration of physicians occurred in the 2013–2015 period. Increase in physician supply improved access to antenatal care. Conclusions There was an expansion in the number of undergraduate medical places and medical workforce in all groups of municipalities assessed in Brazil. Medical undergraduate places expansion in the federal public schools was more efficient to reduce regional inequities in access to medical education than private sector expansion. The recruitment component of More Doctors for Brazil Program demonstrated effectiveness to increase the number of physicians in underserved areas. Our results indicate the importance of public policies to face inequities in access to medical education and physician shortages and the necessity of continuous assessment during the period of implementation, especially in the context of political and economic changes.

A case study of noise pollution levels during the restrictions period due to COVID-19.

2021 ◽  
Vol 263 (6) ◽  
pp. 206-214
Author(s):  
David Montes-González ◽  
Juan Miguel Barrigón-Morillas ◽  
Ana Cristina Bejarano-Quintas ◽  
Manuel Parejo-Pizarro ◽  
Guillermo Rey-Gozalo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noise Pollution ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Acoustic Measurements ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) led to the need for drastic control measures around the world to reduce the impact on the health of the population. The confinement of people in their homes resulted in a significant reduction in human activity at every level (economic, social, industrial, etc.), which was reflected in a decrease in environmental pollution levels. Studying the evolution of parameters, such as the level of environmental noise caused by vehicle traffic in urban environments, makes it possible to assess the impact of this type of measure. This paper presents a case study of the acoustic situation in Cáceres (Spain) during the restriction period by means of long-term acoustic measurements at various points of the city.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document