The HCT Index: A Typology and Index of Health Conspiracy Theories with examples of use
Conspiracy theories about secret agendas behind vaccination programmes, the side effects of medical treatments, and cover-ups by the government or pharmaceutical industry are prevalent in many countries, and can have highly detrimental and far-reaching effects on people’s wellbeing. For, research and policy-making in public health, it is therefore vital to understand the nature, construction and dissemination of these health conspiracy theories (HCTs). Inspired by the influential ATU index of folktale types, this paper presents a typology and example index of international HCTs to be used as a tool to enable researchers to identify and categorise HCTs they come across, and to provide a pool of examples of HCTs which could be used in various fields of research. Also presented are two studies which used the HCT Index as a source of material. The first, a survey of HCT exposure and belief in the UK found that both familiarity and belief were high: 97% of Britons are familiar (having heard the same or similar before) with at least one HCT and 49% of Britons believed that at least one HCT was likely to be true. Demographic influences are also discussed. The second study, a focus group discussion health rumours in rural Sri Lanka, found concerns over threats to fertility as well as how to verify information that falls outside of typical experience.