scholarly journals Future accessibility impacts of transport policy scenarios: equity and sensitivity to travel time thresholds for Bus Rapid Transit expansion in Rio de Janeiro

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Henrique Moreas Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Network Effects ◽  
Boundary Effect ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Partial Operation ◽  
Time Threshold ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Policy Scenarios

The accessibility impacts of transport projects ex-post implementation are generally evaluated using cumulative opportunity measures based on a single travel time threshold. Fewer studies have explored how accessibility appraisal of transport plans can be used to evaluate policy scenarios and their impacts for different social groups or examined whether the results of project appraisals are sensitive to the time threshold of choice. This paper analyzes how different scenarios of full and partial implementation of the TransBrasil BRT project in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) will likely impact the number of jobs accessible to the population of different income levels. The analysis is conducted under various travel time thresholds of 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes to test whether the results are sensitive to the boundary effect of the modifiable temporal unit problem (MTUP). Compared to a partial operation scenario, the full implementation of TransBrasil that extends this corridor into the city center would lead to higher accessibility gains due to network effects of connecting this BRT to other transport modes. Nonetheless, the size of the accessibility impacts of the proposed BRT as well as its distribution across income classes would significantly change depending on the time threshold chosen for the accessibility analysis. Considering cut-off times of 30 or 60 minutes, both scenarios of TransBrasil would lead to higher accessibility impacts in general and particularly for low-income groups, moving Rio towards a more equitable transportation system. However, under longer thresholds of 90 and 120 minutes, an evaluation of this project would find much smaller accessibility gains more evenly distributed by income levels. The paper highlights how time threshold choice in cumulative opportunity measures can have important but overlooked implications for policy evaluation and it calls for further research on the MTUP in future transport and mobility studies.

scholarly journals Farmers’ Knowledge on Soil Conservation Technologies, Associated Farm and Farmers’ Attributes in Hilly Farms of Nandi County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-87
Author(s):  
Joseph Kipkorir Cheruiyot
Keyword(s):  
Stages Of Change ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Soil Conservation ◽  
Survey Design ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Conservation Technologies

Soil erosion is an issue of global concern due to its effects on the natural resource base in which agriculture is based on. In Kenya, low utilisation of soil conservation technologies (SCTs) has been blamed for continued land degradation. A study was designed to examine association of selected farmers’ and farm attributes with knowledge on SCTs using an ex post facto survey design. A sample of 138 farmers was accessed in the hilly terrains of Nandi County, Kenya through a multi-stage sampling technique. The study was based on the trans-theoretical model and its stages of change, with a focus on its initial stages. Data was questionnaire-based and the data was analysed for associations using Gamma and Sommers’ delta. Kruskal-wallis (KW) test was utilised to test for differences between groups. Post hoc tests are based on Bonferroni correction. Results indicate that there was significant influence of formal education levels, gender, duration of residence and farmers income levels on knowledge in SCTs. Significant KW test results on differences in knowledge levels on SCTs were; Education, H (2) = 9.359, P= 0.009; Age, H (3) = 9.938, P=.019; Gender, H (1) = 3.429, P = .064; duration in current farm, H (2) = 6.122, P = .047 and income levels, H (2) = 8.710, P = 0.013. There were no significant differences based on household size, farm gradient and farm size. Information literacy on SCTs was low among lowly-educated and low-income categories. Deliberate investments in soil conservation measures targeting these categories are recommended. An in-depth study on the underlying causes for the face-value association is recommended.

Empathy not quarantined: Association between people’s empathy to others and the COVID-19 pandemic situations based on a national survey study (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhibin Jiang ◽  
Fan Yang ◽  
Bu Zhong ◽  
Xuebing Qin
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Social Media ◽  
National Survey ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Affective Response ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
The Social

BACKGROUND The Covid-19 pandemic had turned the world upside down, but not much is known about how people’s empathy might be affected by the pandemic. OBJECTIVE This study examined 1) how empathy towards others might be influenced by the social support people obtained by using social media; and 2) how the individual demographics (e.g., age, income) may affect empathy. METHODS A national survey (N = 943) was conducted in China in February 2020, in which the participants read three real scenarios about low-income urban workers (Scenario I), small business owners in cities (Scenario II), and farmers in rural areas (Scenario III) who underwent hardship due to COVID-19. After exposure to others’ difficulties in the scenarios, the participants’ empathy and anxiety levels were measured. We also measured the social support they had by using social media. RESULTS Results show that social support not only positively impacted empathy, β = .30, P < .001 for Scenario I, β = .30, P < .001 for Scenario II, and β = .29, P < .001 for Scenario III, but also interacted with anxiety in influencing the degree to which participants could maintain empathy towards others, β = .08, P = .010 for Scenario I, and β = .07, P = .033 for scenario II. Age negatively predicted empathy for Scenario I, β = -.08, P = .018 and Scenario III, β = -.08, P = .009, but not for Scenario II, β = -.03, P = .40. Income levels – low, medium, high – positively predicted empathy for Scenario III, F (2, 940) = 8.10, P < .001, but not for Scenario I, F (2, 940) = 2.14, P = .12, or Scenario II, F (2, 940) = 2.93, P = .06. Participants living in big cities expressed greater empathy towards others for Scenario III, F (2, 940) = 4.03, P =.018, but not for Scenario I, F (2, 940) = .81, P = .45, or Scenario II, F (2, 940) = 1.46, P =.23. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to the literature by discovering the critical role empathy plays in people’s affective response to others during the pandemic. Anxiety did not decrease empathy. However, those gaining more social support on social media showed more empathy for others. Those who resided in cities with higher income levels were more empathetic during the COVID-19 outbreak. This study reveals that the social support people obtained helped maintain empathy to others, making them resilient in challenging times.

PREVALÊNCIA DE INCONTINÊNCIA URINÁRIA DURANTE A GESTAÇÃO

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Patrícia Pereira-de-Souza ◽  
Ana Patrícia Pereira-de-Souza ◽  
Conceição Eleonora Ferreira-Vasconcelos ◽  
Conceição Eleonora Ferreira-Vasconcelos ◽  
JOÃO RAFAEL VALENTIM-SILVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Ex Post Facto

Durante a gestação, o corpo da mulher transforma-se para adaptar-se a um novo ser que está sendo gerado. Dentre as mudanças orgânicas, as que ocorrem no sistema urinário são destacadas neste estudo, em especial a incontinência, pelo fato de, mesmo que mínima, poder ser vivenciada de forma dramática pela mulher jovem. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a prevalência de incontinência urinária (IU) durante a gravidez. O método que orientou a pesquisa foi do tipo exploratório quantitativo, uma vez que se utilizou estatística descritiva e inferencial do tipo ex-post-facto, de campo. Foi selecionada uma amostra de 501 mulheres portadoras de gravidez única, em uma maternidade no município do Rio de Janeiro. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizou-se entrevista estruturada, utilizando-se da Versão Curta do Questionário para Avaliação de Incontinência. Os resultados apontaram que 31,1% queixaram-se de IU na gestação; dessas 3,2% apresentaram o sintoma no primeiro trimestre, 21,8% no segundo e 75,0% no terceiro trimestre da gestação. As variáveis cor/raça; índice de massa corporal; microssomia; parto vaginal anterior; e episiotomia; e/ou laceração perineal não mostraram associação com IU na gestação. Concluiu-se que, no grupo selecionado, houve maior prevalência de IU no terceiro trimestre da gravidez, que os fatores de risco investigados não foram associados à IU, porém os incômodos de natureza social e higiênica devem ser considerados. Palavras-chave: Incontinência Urinária. Gestante. Bem-estar Materno.

scholarly journals The smart grid as a security device: Electricity infrastructure and urban governance in Kingston and Rio de Janeiro

Urban Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 004209802098571
Author(s):  
Francesca Pilo’
Keyword(s):  
Smart Grid ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Smart Grids ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Urban Governance ◽  
Spatial Inequality ◽  
Technical Failure ◽  
Spatial Inequalities ◽  
Urban Security ◽  
Security Device

This article aims to contribute to recent debates on the politics of smart grids by exploring their installation in low-income areas in Kingston (Jamaica) and Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). To date, much of this debate has focused on forms of smart city experiments, mostly in the Global North, while less attention has been given to the implementation of smart grids in cities characterised by high levels of urban insecurity and socio-spatial inequality. This article illustrates how, in both contexts, the installation of smart metering is used as a security device that embeds the promise of protecting infrastructure and revenue and navigating complex relations framed along lines of socio-economic inequalities and urban sovereignty – here linked to configurations of state and non-state (criminal) territorial control and power. By unpacking the political workings of the smart grid within changing urban security contexts, including not only the rationalities that support its use but also the forms of resistance, contestation and socio-technical failure that emerge, the article argues for the importance of examining the conjunction between urban and infrastructural governance, including the reshaping of local power relations and spatial inequalities, through globally circulating devices.

Favelas, Affordable Housing, and Authoritarian Urbanism in the Era of Mass Eradication in Rio de Janeiro, 1960s–1970s

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro Benmergui
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Social Science Research ◽  
Urban Infrastructure ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Military Regimes ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Right ◽  
The City

As the number of favelas and poor residents of Rio de Janeiro grew quickly by the mid-20th century, they became the object of policymaking, social science research, real estate speculation, and grassroots mobilization. After a decade in which local authorities recognized the de facto presence of favelas but without legally ascertaining the right of permanence, the 1960s and early 1970s witnessed the era of mass eradication. Seemingly contradictory—but complementary—policies also included the development of massive low-income housing complexes and innovative community development and favela urbanization experiences empowered by community organizations with the assistance of experts committed to improving the lives of poor Cariocas (residents of Rio). Favelas in Rio were at the crossroads of a particular interplay of forces: the urgent need to modernize Rio’s obsolete and inadequate urban infrastructure; the new administrative status of the city after the inauguration of Brasilia; and the redefinition of the balance of power between local, municipal, and federal forces in a time of radical politics and authoritarian and technocratic military regimes, Cold War diplomacy, and the transnational flows of expertise and capital.

MEASURING SPATIAL HEALTHCARE FACILITIES ACCESSIBILITY USING TWO-STEP FLOATING CATCHMENT ANALYSIS (2SFCA) (Case Study: Cianjur Regency, Indonesia)

2021 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Muhamad Iqbal Januadi Putra ◽  
Nabila Dety Novia Utami
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Quality Of Healthcare ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Spatial Disparities ◽  
Time Threshold

The presence of healthcare facilities is quite essential to provide good healthcare services in a particular area, however, the existence of healthcare facilities is not evenly distributed in Cianjur Regency. This condition leads to the disparities of healthcare facilities across the Cianjur Regency. In this paper, we aim to measure and map the spatial disparities of healthcare facilities using a Two-Step Floating Catchment Analysis (2SFCA). This method can calculate the magnitude of spatial accessibility for healthcare facilities by formulating the travel time threshold and the quality of healthcare facilities across the study area. This research shows the result that the spatial accessibility of healthcare facilities in the Cianjur Regency is not evenly distributed across the districts. The spatial accessibility value resulted from 2SFCA is ranging from 0- 3.97. A low value indicates low spatial accessibility, while a higher value shows good accessibility. The majority of districts in the Cianjur Regency have the spatial accessibility value 0-0.5 (86%). Meanwhile, only a few have the higher value; value 0.5-0.99 as much as 6.6%, 0.99-1.49 as 3.3%, and 3.48-3.97 has a percentage of 3.3%. Also, this analysis results in the cluster of good spatial accessibility in healthcare facilities, namely the Pagelaran District and Cipanas District. Interestingly, the downtown of Cianjur Regency has lower spatial accessibility compared to both areas.

scholarly journals Tracking job and housing dynamics with smartcard data

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (50) ◽  
pp. 12710-12715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Huang ◽  
David Levinson ◽  
Jiaoe Wang ◽  
Jiangping Zhou ◽  
Zi-jia Wang
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Urban Spatial Structure ◽  
Home Location ◽  
Commute Time ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Behavioral Preference ◽  
Data Tracking ◽  
Commuting Patterns ◽  
Housing Expenditure

Residential locations, the jobs–housing relationship, and commuting patterns are key elements to understand urban spatial structure and how city dwellers live. Their successive interaction is important for various fields including urban planning, transport, intraurban migration studies, and social science. However, understanding of the long-term trajectories of workplace and home location, and the resulting commuting patterns, is still limited due to lack of year-to-year data tracking individual behavior. With a 7-y transit smartcard dataset, this paper traces individual trajectories of residences and workplaces. Based on in-metro travel times before and after job and/or home moves, we find that 45 min is an inflection point where the behavioral preference changes. Commuters whose travel time exceeds the point prefer to shorten commutes via moves, while others with shorter commutes tend to increase travel time for better jobs and/or residences. Moreover, we capture four mobility groups: home mover, job hopper, job-and-residence switcher, and stayer. This paper studies how these groups trade off travel time and housing expenditure with their job and housing patterns. Stayers with high job and housing stability tend to be home (apartment unit) owners subject to middle- to high-income groups. Home movers work at places similar to stayers, while they may upgrade from tenancy to ownership. Switchers increase commute time as well as housing expenditure via job and home moves, as they pay for better residences and work farther from home. Job hoppers mainly reside in the suburbs, suffer from long commutes, change jobs frequently, and are likely to be low-income migrants.

scholarly journals Pembuatan Produk Permen Agar-agar Buah

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamik Ponco Rahayu ◽  
Nuraini Harmastuti ◽  
Endang Sri Rejeki ◽  
Taufik Turahman
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Factory Workers ◽  
Income Levels ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Service Activity ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Family Home

<p align="center"><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p align="center"> </p><p>          The Ngampon people in Mojosongo Village, Jebres, Surakarta City face diverse livelihood problems, most of which are factory workers with low income levels and the role of mothers as housewives. Therefore, it is necessary to have training activities to make agar agar fruit products as an alternative home-based home industry to increase family income.</p><p>          This community service activity was designed by conducting training on making fruit jelly candy products.</p><p>          The target of the above activities is that the community will get additional skills in making agar-agar candy fruit that can be done easily and small capital so that it can be an alternative family home industry.</p><p> </p><p>Keywords: Fruit, jelly candy, home industry</p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><em></em>

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