scholarly journals Spatial Responses to Climate Change in a Long-Distance Migratory Songbird: the Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lily Donzeiser ◽  
Maggie MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
American Museum ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Breeding Range ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
Breeding Distribution ◽  
Over Time

In the 21st century, climate change is threatening the populations of many species with extinction (Parmesan & Yohe, 2003). Migratory species, some of whose breeding ranges are located in areas of fast-paced change, are at risk (Møller et al., 2008; Sander et al., 2020). We propose an assessment of the spatial response to climate change of such a species, the Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea). P. olivacea migrate to the northern regions of North America (Mowbray, 2020), where rapid climate change may threaten the species’ suitability to their historical breeding areas. To test whether P. olivacea are responding spatially to climate change, we will use a two pronged approach looking at occurrence and morphological change from across their breeding range over time. First, we will assess spatial responses to climate change by comparing historical breeding occurrence and climate data (March-August, ca. 70-50 years ago; 1950-1970), to current occurrence data (years 2000-2020), to build a forecast of potential future breeding distribution for this species using Maxent software (Phillips et al., 2018). Breeding season occurrence data for historical and current time periods will be sourced from museum records from www.gbif.org, and will be matched with environmental data (i.e., temperature, precipitation,land cover). Recent research has supported that migratory birds are growing longer wings in response to climate change, presumably under selection pressure to support improved flight efficiency for migrating longer distances to access appropriate environmental conditions for breeding (Weeks et al., 2020). We will assess morphological changes over time in breeding P. olivacea in response to predictions under climate change hypotheses by measuring museum specimens from the American Museum of Natural History and the Louisiana State University Museum of Natural Science. We intend to infer whether P. olivacea possesses adequate adaptive potential to keep pace with relevant climate change metrics, and more broadly whether climate change is driving selection on morphology to reach a more northern breeding distribution for this species. If the historical distribution is explained by climate variables but P. olivacea has not shifted its breeding range or exhibited morphological shifts, this may be evidence of low adaptive capacity. Climate, morphological and occurrence data will be analyzed to determine the suitability of P. olivacea in its current breeding range, as well as alternative responses including shifts in the species’ reproductive windows. Our data will include bill length, mass, and hand-wing index variables for morphological analyses, while precipitation, temperature, and land cover will be included in the environmental datasets. Statistical analysis will be run by the American Museum of Natural History’s Maxent software, v. 3.4.4. Results will provide support for conservation efforts for forest-dwelling long distance migrant birds threatened by climate change, and can aid in the understanding of climate change’s effects on migratory species as a whole.

scholarly journals Flight range, fuel load and the impact of climate change on the journeys of migrant birds

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1873) ◽  
pp. 20172329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Howard ◽  
Philip A. Stephens ◽  
Joseph A. Tobias ◽  
Catherine Sheard ◽  
Stuart H. M. Butchart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Fuel Load ◽  
Migratory Species ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Avian Flight ◽  
Flight Range ◽  
Combine Information ◽  
The Impact

Climate change is predicted to increase migration distances for many migratory species, but the physiological and temporal implications of longer migratory journeys have not been explored. Here, we combine information about species' flight range potential and migratory refuelling requirements to simulate the number of stopovers required and the duration of current migratory journeys for 77 bird species breeding in Europe. Using tracking data, we show that our estimates accord with recorded journey times and stopovers for most species. We then combine projections of altered migratory distances under climate change with models of avian flight to predict future migratory journeys. We find that 37% of migratory journeys undertaken by long-distance migrants will necessitate an additional stopover in future. These greater distances and the increased number of stops will substantially increase overall journey durations of many long-distance migratory species, a factor not currently considered in climate impact studies.

scholarly journals Implications of Climate Change to Niche Patterns of Rothschild’s Giraffe in Africa

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Njagi ◽  
David Chiawo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Land Use Change ◽  
Species Distribution ◽  
Habitat Suitability ◽  
Climatic Data ◽  
Global Biodiversity Information Facility ◽  
Species Response ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
Over Time

The distribution of species is strongly influenced by habitat quality and its changes over time. Climate change has been identified as one of the major drivers of habitat loss, threatening the survival of many range-restricted animal species. Identification of spatiotemporal hotspots of species occurrence is important for understanding basic ecological processes particularly for the conservation of species at risk. This study models the spatiotemporal distribution of Rothschild’s giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) with the view of explaining the possible effects of changing habitat suitability in Kenya and across Africa. The study analyzes the relative importance of different climatic variables and establishes the variables that are the strongest predictors of the species’ geographic range. We apply species distribution modelling to predict the species' response to future climate and land use change scenarios. Our model is based on occurrence data from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) for the period 1923-2019 and climatic data from the WorldClim. We fit the model using the Maximum Entropy (Maxent) algorithm to identify the combination of environmental responses, which best predicts evolving hotspots of occurrence for this species and future habitat suitability in face of climate change. The study demonstrates the usability of occurrence data over time on Rothschild’s giraffe and gives insights on the integration of land use variables to be able to link species distribution patterns, land use change and climate change to effectively inform conservation management.

scholarly journals Important areas for the conservation of the European Roller Coracias garrulus during the non-breeding season in southern Africa

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-175
Author(s):  
JUAN RODRÍGUEZ-RUIZ ◽  
FRANÇOIS MOUGEOT ◽  
DESEADA PAREJO ◽  
JAVIER DE LA PUENTE ◽  
ANA BERMEJO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Protected Areas ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Spanish Population ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Coracias Garrulus ◽  
Breeding Range ◽  
Occurrence Data ◽  
Wintering Areas ◽  
European Roller

SummaryThe identification of threats to migratory species of conservation concern and the relevance of protected areas for them is often biased towards breeding areas. The European Roller Coracias garrulus is a long-distance migrant experiencing a pronounced decline throughout its breeding range, which has been attributed to the degradation of open agricultural habitats. However, its conservation status in non-breeding areas in Africa remains unstudied. Land cover change is a major threat affecting migratory birds in their wintering grounds, therefore identifying important areas for their protection at this stage is a priority. Here we used occurrence data during the wintering season and ecological niche models to identify key land cover and areas used by Rollers in Africa. First, we used 33 filtered locations from six satellite-tracked birds breeding in Spain to describe suitable wintering areas for the Spanish population (westernmost part of the Eurasian breeding range). We also used 1,167 occurrence data in southern Africa from open-access databases and bird atlases to characterise the overall wintering range of the species. The Spanish population occupied a relatively small area in the north-western part of southern Africa, and a narrow range of land covers. Open grassland, less steep areas and those with sparse tree cover are correlated with suitability. In all, 18.06% of suitable wintering areas for the Spanish population overlapped with protected areas. The overall population of Rollers occupied a wider area and range of land cover. Tree cover was the most important variable affecting suitability, with areas without tree cover being the least suitable. We found that 9.58% of suitable wintering areas for the overall population overlapped with protected areas. Our results suggest that Rollers from different origins (breeding populations) use separate, but overlapping, wintering areas and may have different habitat requirements, and therefore, population-specific conservation strategies in these areas might be needed to fully protect the species.

scholarly journals Observations of the summer birds of Tukarak Island (Belcher Islands, Nunavut), Nastapoka Islands (Nunavut), and Lac Guillaume-Delisle (northern Quebec)

2015 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 385
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Swarth ◽  
Wouter Bleeker
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Hudson Bay ◽  
Northern Limit ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Breeding Range ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Breeding Distribution ◽  
Water Birds ◽  
Bird Distribution ◽  
The Impact

In a survey of land and water birds of Tukarak and Nastapoka Islands and Lac Guillaume-Delisle in summer 2011, we recorded 22 of the 30 species known to breed on the Belcher Islands, as well as five non-breeding species, and we observed 32 species in Lac Guillaume-Delisle. In all areas surveyed, we observed a total of 43 species: 10 waterfowl, 2 gallinaceous birds, 3 loons, 2 hawks, 3 shorebirds, 1 auk, 3 gulls, 2 falcons, and 17 songbirds. In this area of Hudson Bay, a number of species reach the southern or northern limit of their breeding distribution in eastern Canada. In light of the impact that climate change may have on bird distribution in northerly latitudes, the Belcher Islands and adjacent mainland areas could be particularly useful locations for monitoring changes in the breeding range of birds.

Cultivating Ice over Time: On the Idea of Timeless Knowledge and Places in the Himalayas

1969 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Gagné
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Sense Of Community ◽  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Local Communities ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Change Over Time ◽  
Local Populations ◽  
Close Study ◽  
Indian Himalayas ◽  
Over Time

Assumptions that local communities have an endogenous capacity to adapt to climate change stemming from time-tested knowledge and an inherent sense of community that prompts mobilisation are becoming increasingly common in material produced by international organisations. This discourse, which relies on ahistorical and apolitical conceptions of localities and populations, is based on ideas of timeless knowledge and places. Analysing the water-place nexus in Ladakh, in the Indian Himalayas, through a close study of glacier practices as they change over time, the article argues that local knowledge is subject to change and must be analysed in light of changing conceptions and experiences of place by the state and by local populations alike.

scholarly journals A multi-purpose National Forest Inventory in Bangladesh: design, operationalisation and key results

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matieu Henry ◽  
Zaheer Iqbal ◽  
Kristofer Johnson ◽  
Mariam Akhter ◽  
Liam Costello ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Forest Inventory ◽  
Sustainable Forest Management ◽  
National Forest Inventory ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Land Cover Map

Abstract Background National forest inventory and forest monitoring systems are more important than ever considering continued global degradation of trees and forests. These systems are especially important in a country like Bangladesh, which is characterised by a large population density, climate change vulnerability and dependence on natural resources. With the aim of supporting the Government’s actions towards sustainable forest management through reliable information, the Bangladesh Forest Inventory (BFI) was designed and implemented through three components: biophysical inventory, socio-economic survey and remote sensing-based land cover mapping. This article documents the approach undertaken by the Forest Department under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change to establish the BFI as a multipurpose, efficient, accurate and replicable national forest assessment. The design, operationalization and some key results of the process are presented. Methods The BFI takes advantage of the latest and most well-accepted technological and methodological approaches. Importantly, it was designed through a collaborative process which drew from the experience and knowledge of multiple national and international entities. Overall, 1781 field plots were visited, 6400 households were surveyed, and a national land cover map for the year 2015 was produced. Innovative technological enhancements include a semi-automated segmentation approach for developing the wall-to-wall land cover map, an object-based national land characterisation system, consistent estimates between sample-based and mapped land cover areas, use of mobile apps for tree species identification and data collection, and use of differential global positioning system for referencing plot centres. Results Seven criteria, and multiple associated indicators, were developed for monitoring progress towards sustainable forest management goals, informing management decisions, and national and international reporting needs. A wide range of biophysical and socioeconomic data were collected, and in some cases integrated, for estimating the indicators. Conclusions The BFI is a new information source tool for helping guide Bangladesh towards a sustainable future. Reliable information on the status of tree and forest resources, as well as land use, empowers evidence-based decision making across multiple stakeholders and at different levels for protecting natural resources. The integrated socio-economic data collected provides information about the interactions between people and their tree and forest resources, and the valuation of ecosystem services. The BFI is designed to be a permanent assessment of these resources, and future data collection will enable monitoring of trends against the current baseline. However, additional institutional support as well as continuation of collaboration among national partners is crucial for sustaining the BFI process in future.

scholarly journals Smart Monitoring and Controlling of Appliances Using LoRa Based IoT System

Designs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Nur-A-Alam ◽  
Mominul Ahsan ◽  
Md. Abdul Based ◽  
Julfikar Haider ◽  
Eduardo M. G. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Power Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Automation System ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
At Home

In the era of Industry 4.0, remote monitoring and controlling appliance/equipment at home, institute, or industry from a long distance with low power consumption remains challenging. At present, some smart phones are being actively used to control appliances at home or institute using Internet of Things (IoT) systems. This paper presents a novel smart automation system using long range (LoRa) technology. The proposed LoRa based system consists of wireless communication system and different types of sensors, operated by a smart phone application and powered by a low-power battery, with an operating range of 3–12 km distance. The system established a connection between an android phone and a microprocessor (ESP32) through Wi-Fi at the sender end. The ESP32 module was connected to a LoRa module. At the receiver end, an ESP32 module and LoRa module without Wi-Fi was employed. Wide Area Network (WAN) communication protocol was used on the LoRa module to provide switching functionality of the targeted area. The performance of the system was evaluated by three real-life case studies through measuring environmental temperature and humidity, detecting fire, and controlling the switching functionality of appliances. Obtaining correct environmental data, fire detection with 90% accuracy, and switching functionality with 92.33% accuracy at a distance up to 12 km demonstrated the high performance of the system. The proposed smart system with modular design proved to be highly effective in controlling and monitoring home appliances from a longer distance with relatively lower power consumption.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate and Land Use/Land Cover Change on the Water Resources of a Tropical Inland Valley Catchment in Uganda, East Africa

Climate ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Geofrey Gabiri ◽  
Bernd Diekkrüger ◽  
Kristian Näschen ◽  
Constanze Leemhuis ◽  
Roderick van der Linden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Hydrological Processes ◽  
Land Use Land Cover ◽  
Lulc Change ◽  
Inland Valley ◽  
Headwater Catchment

The impact of climate and land use/land cover (LULC) change continues to threaten water resources availability for the agriculturally used inland valley wetlands and their catchments in East Africa. This study assessed climate and LULC change impacts on the hydrological processes of a tropical headwater inland valley catchment in Uganda. The hydrological model Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied to analyze climate and LULC change impacts on the hydrological processes. An ensemble of six regional climate models (RCMs) from the Coordinated Regional Downscaling Experiment for two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, were used for climate change assessment for historical (1976–2005) and future climate (2021–2050). Four LULC scenarios defined as exploitation, total conservation, slope conservation, and protection of headwater catchment were considered. The results indicate an increase in precipitation by 7.4% and 21.8% of the annual averages in the future under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Future wet conditions are more pronounced in the short rainy season than in the long rainy season. Flooding intensity is likely to increase during the rainy season with low flows more pronounced in the dry season. Increases in future annual averages of water yield (29.0% and 42.7% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively) and surface runoff (37.6% and 51.8% under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively) relative to the historical simulations are projected. LULC and climate change individually will cause changes in the inland valley hydrological processes, but more pronounced changes are expected if the drivers are combined, although LULC changes will have a dominant influence. Adoption of total conservation, slope conservation and protection of headwater catchment LULC scenarios will significantly reduce climate change impacts on water resources in the inland valley. Thus, if sustainable climate-smart management practices are adopted, the availability of water resources for human consumption and agricultural production will increase.

scholarly journals A Place-Based Approach to Agricultural Nonmaterial Intangible Cultural Ecosystem Service Values

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 699 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy R. Petway ◽  
Yu-Pin Lin ◽  
Rainer F. Wunderlich
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Ecosystem Service ◽  
Agricultural Landscape ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Environmental Data ◽  
Farming Practices ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Cultural Ecosystem Service ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Landscape Biodiversity

Though agricultural landscape biodiversity and ecosystem service (ES) conservation is crucial to sustainability, agricultural land is often underrepresented in ES studies, while cultural ES associated with agricultural land is often limited to aesthetic and tourism recreation value only. This study mapped 7 nonmaterial-intangible cultural ES (NICE) valuations of 34 rural farmers in western Taiwan using the Social Values for Ecosystem Services (SolVES) methodology, to show the effect of farming practices on NICE valuations. However, rather than a direct causal relationship between the environmental characteristics that underpin ES, and respondents’ ES valuations, we found that environmental data is not explanatory enough for causality within a socio-ecological production landscape where one type of land cover type (a micro mosaic of agricultural land cover) predominates. To compensate, we used a place-based approach with Google Maps data to create context-specific data to inform our assessment of NICE valuations. Based on 338 mapped points of 7 NICE valuations distributed among 6 areas within the landscape, we compared 2 groups of farmers and found that farmers’ valuations about their landscape were better understood when accounting for both the landscape’s cultural places and environmental characteristics, rather than environmental characteristics alone. Further, farmers’ experience and knowledge influenced their NICE valuations such that farm areas were found to be sources of multiple NICE benefits demonstrating that farming practices may influence ES valuation in general.

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