scholarly journals Is there Inspiration Through Observation? A Meta-analysis on Goal Contagion (PREPRINT)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilmar Brohmer ◽  
Katja Corcoran ◽  
Robbie Cornelis Maria van Aert ◽  
Lisa V. Eckerstorfer
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Analytic Estimate ◽  
Summary Effect ◽  
Advance Research

Goal Contagion is a social-cognitive approach to understand how people are getting inspired by others: an observation of goal-directed behavior leads to an automatic inference of the goal on an implicit level before the goal is adopted and pursued thereafter. Most studies on goal contagion used an experimental design and measured either implicit inference or goal pursuit. There are many similarities between different studies (e.g., most use written stimulus material), but also crucial differences (e.g., the type of goal). To identify conditions under which goals are most contagious, we conducted a meta-analysis, including effects from published studies, unpublished studies and Registered Reports. The meta-analytic summary effect was small, g = 0.30, 95%CI [0.21; 0.40], τ² = 0.05, 95%CI [0.03, 0.13]. We investigated whether effects are lager for implicit inference or goal pursuit, if goals that are pursued by more people might be more contagious, if the manipulation material had an influence, and if control groups that were contrary to the goal might have driven the effect. None of these variables turned out to have a moderating effect on the results. Moreover, the original effect seemed to be biased through the current publication system: methods to correct for publication bias like p-uniform* lead to estimates of about half the size of the original effect. The meta-analytic estimate based on only unpublished studies and Registered Reports was close to zero. We suggest that future research on Goal Contagion makes use of Open Science practices to advance research in this domain.

Challenges and Opportunities for Neuroimaging in Young Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: a Coordinated Effort towards Advancing Discovery from the ENIGMA Pediatric Moderate/Severe TBI Group

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily L. Dennis ◽  
Karen Caeyenberghs ◽  
Robert F. Asarnow ◽  
Talin Babikian ◽  
Brenda Bartnik-Olson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Traumatic Brain Injury ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Developmental Issues ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Severe Tbi ◽  
Advance Research

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of death and disability in children in both developed and developing nations. Children and adolescents suffer from TBI at a higher rate than the general population; however, research in this population lags behind research in adults. This may be due, in part, to the smaller number of investigators engaged in research with this population and may also be related to changes in safety laws and clinical practice that have altered length of hospital stays, treatment, and access to this population. Specific developmental issues also warrant attention in studies of children, and the ever-changing context of childhood and adolescence may require larger sample sizes than are commonly available to adequately address remaining questions related to TBI. The ENIGMA (Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis) Pediatric Moderate-Severe TBI (msTBI) group aims to advance research in this area through global collaborative meta-analysis. In this paper we discuss important challenges in pediatric TBI research and opportunities that we believe the ENIGMA Pediatric msTBI group can provide to address them. We conclude with recommendations for future research in this field of study.

scholarly journals Childhood Maltreatment and Violent Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 754-768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy Fitton ◽  
Rongqin Yu ◽  
Seena Fazel
Keyword(s):  
Prospective Studies ◽  
Childhood Maltreatment ◽  
English Language ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Random Effects Models ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Meta Regression

The risk of violence following childhood maltreatment is uncertain. This meta-analytic review identified prospective studies that have examined this association. We systematically searched three electronic databases (PsycINFO, EMBASE, and MEDLINE) and completed a targeted search on Google Scholar. These were supplemented with scanning reference lists and correspondence with authors. We considered non-English-language and unpublished studies. Studies were included if childhood maltreatment was measured before age 18 years and occurred before violent outcomes. We identified 18 eligible studies with data on 39,271 participants. We conducted meta-analysis to calculate odds ratios ( ORs) using random-effects models. Heterogeneity was explored through subgroup analyses and meta-regression. The overall OR of violent outcomes in childhood maltreatment was 1.8 (95% confidence interval [1.4, 2.3]) with substantial heterogeneity ( I2 = 92%). Meta-regression suggested that risk of violence following childhood maltreatment was more elevated in samples with higher percentage of females, in higher quality investigations, in studies with case-linkage methods compared to that followed-up participants over time using a prospective cohort design, when general population or matched controls were used rather than selected population controls, and when violent outcomes were ascertained in older individuals. In conclusion, the risk of later violence perpetration was modestly increased in individuals with a history of childhood maltreatment. Preventative strategies and interventions for childhood maltreatment may have an important role in violence reduction. Methodological issues and recommendations for future research are discussed.

Multitiered Systems of Support in Preschool Settings: A Review and Meta-Analysis of Single-Case Research

2020 ◽  
pp. 027112141989972
Author(s):  
Collin Shepley ◽  
Jennifer Grisham-Brown ◽  
Justin D. Lane
Keyword(s):  
Support Systems ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Case Research ◽  
Functional Relations ◽  
Single Case Research ◽  
Tiered Support ◽  
Systems Of Support

Multitiered systems of support provide a framework for matching the needs of a struggling student with an appropriate intervention. Experimental evaluations of tiered support systems in grade schools have been conducted for decades but have been less frequently examined in early childhood contexts. A recent meta-analysis of multitiered systems of support in preschool settings exclusively synthesized outcomes from group design studies. Our current review extends this review by synthesizing single-case research examining interventions implemented within tiered support system frameworks in preschool settings. Our data indicate that single-case evaluations of tiered support systems do not frequently meet contemporary standards for rigor nor consistently identify functional relations. Recommendations and considerations for future research are discussed. Copies of completed coding tables, syntax, and supplemental tables referenced throughout the manuscript may be obtained via Open Science Framework at https://osf.io/ghptw/ .

scholarly journals Mapping evidence on the burden and distribution of childhood obesity in sub-Saharan Africa: a scoping review protocol

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick I. Danquah ◽  
Matilda Yeboah ◽  
Vitalis Bawontuo ◽  
Desmond Kuupiel
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Research Direction ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adverse Health Outcomes ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract Background Obesity in childhood is associated with adverse health outcomes and complications throughout the life-span of a child. Available evidence suggests a dramatic increase in childhood obesity in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over the past two decades. The health risks associated with obesity/overweight are particularly problematic in children due to the potential for long-term health concerns. The researchers propose to conduct a systematic scoping review to map evidence on the burden and distribution of childhood obesity in SSA. Methods The study will be guided by the scoping review framework proposed by Arksey and O’Malley. A comprehensive literature search will be performed in the following electronic databases: PubMed, Web of Science, African Index Medicus, and CINAHL with full text via EBSCOhost platform. Primary studies both published in peer-reviewed journals and gray literature such as unpublished studies, thesis, and studies in press addressing the research topic will be included. One reviewer will conduct title screening, and the results will be exported to Mendeley Desktop library. Two independent reviewers will perform both abstract and full article screening in parallel as well as data extraction from eligible studies. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis: Extension for Scoping Review (PRISMA-ScR) will be utilized to present the study findings of the proposed scoping review. NVivo version 11.0 will be used to extract the relevant outcomes from the included studies, a content thematic analysis performed, and the results reported using a narrative approach. The Mixed Method Quality Appraisal Tool Version 2018 will be used to assess the methodological quality of all included studies. Discussion We anticipate that the proposed study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge on childhood obesity, identify gaps in knowledge on the topic, inform future research direction, and provide evidence-based information to strengthen health systems and policies on childhood obesity towards achieving the WHO global target of halting the rise in obesity by 2025.

scholarly journals Does the privacy paradox exist? Comment on Yu et al.’s (2020) meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Dienlin ◽  
Ye Sun
Keyword(s):  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Privacy Risk ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
Privacy Paradox

In their meta-analysis on how privacy concerns and perceived privacy risk are related to online disclosure intentionand behavior, Yu et al. (2020) conclude that “the ‘privacy paradox’ phenomenon (...) exists in our research model” (p. 8). In this comment, we contest this conclusion and present evidence and arguments against it. We find five areas of problems: (1) Flawed logic of hypothesis testing; (2) erroneous and implausible results; (3) questionable decision to use only the direct effect of privacy concerns on disclosure behavior as evidence in testing the privacy paradox; (4) overinterpreting results from MASEM; (5) insufficient reporting and lack of transparency. To guide future research, we offer three recommendations: Going beyond mere null hypothesis significance testing, probing alternative theoretical models, and implementing open science practices. While we value this meta-analytic effort, we caution its readers that, contrary to the authors’ claim, it does not offer evidence in support of the privacy paradox.

scholarly journals Does the privacy paradox exist? Comment on Yu et al.’s (2020) meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Dienlin ◽  
Ye Sun
Keyword(s):  
Research Agenda ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
Privacy Paradox ◽  
Privacy Risks ◽  
And Behavior

In their meta-analysis on how privacy concerns and perceived privacy risks are related to online disclosure intention and behavior, Yu et al. (2020) conclude that “the ‘privacy paradox’ phenomenon [...] exists in our research model” (p. 8). In this comment, we contest this conclusion and present evidence and arguments against it. We find three areas of problems: (1) flawed logic of hypothesis testing; (2) erroneous and implausible results; (3) questionable decision to use only the direct effect of privacy concerns on disclosure behavior as evidence in testing the privacy paradox. In light of these issues and to help guide future research, we propose a research agenda for the privacy paradox. We encourage researchers to (1) go beyond the null hypothesis significance testing (NHST), (2) engage in open science practices, (3) refine theoretical explications, (4) consider confounding, mediating, and boundary variables, and (5) improve the rigor of causal inference. Overall, while we value this meta-analytic effort by Yu et al., we caution its readers that, contrary to the authors’ claim, it does not offer evidence in support of the privacy paradox.

Commentary on Elkjær et al.’s (2020) Meta-Analysis on Expansive Versus Contractive Nonverbal Displays

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162098447
Author(s):  
Robert Körner ◽  
Lukas Röseler ◽  
Astrid Schütz
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Critical Perspective ◽  
Science Practices ◽  
The Third ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Nonverbal Displays ◽  
Selection Of

We offer a critical perspective on the meta-analysis by Elkjær et al. (2020) by pointing out three constraints: The first refers to open-science practices, the second addresses the selection of studies, and the third offers a broader theoretical perspective. We argue that preregistration and adherence to the highest standards of conducting meta-analyses is important. Further, we identified several missing studies. Regarding the theoretical perspective, we suggest that it may be useful to tie body positions into the dominance-prestige framework and, on that basis, to distinguish two types of body positions. Such an approach has the potential to account for discrepancies in previous meta-analytical evidence regarding the effects of expansive versus contractive nonverbal displays. Future research may thus be able to provide not only methodological but also theoretical innovations to the field of body positions.

scholarly journals The Association Between Concentrations of Arginine, Ornithine, Citrulline and Major Depressive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingyue Fan ◽  
Xiao Gao ◽  
Li Li ◽  
Zhongyu Ren ◽  
Leanna M. W. Lui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Open Science ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Concurrent Administration ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Arginine Catabolism ◽  
Science Framework

Alterations in the peripheral (e.g., serum, plasma, platelet) concentrations of arginine and its related catabolic products (i.e., ornithine, citrulline) in the urea and nitric oxide cycles have been reported to be associated with major depressive disorder (MDD). The meta-analysis herein aimed to explore the association between the concentration of peripheral arginine, its catabolic products and MDD, as well as to discuss the possible role of arginine catabolism in the onset and progression of MDD. PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science were searched from inception to June 2020. The protocol for the meta-analysis herein has been registered at the Open Science Framework [https://doi.org/10.17605/osf.io/7fn59]. In total, 745 (47.5%) subjects with MDD and 823 (52.5%) healthy controls (HCs) from 13 articles with 16 studies were included. Fifteen of the included studies assessed concentrations of peripheral arginine, eight assessed concentrations of ornithine, and six assessed concentrations of citrulline. Results indicated that: (1) the concentrations of arginine, ornithine, and citrulline were not significantly different between individuals with MDD and HCs when serum, plasma and platelet are analyzed together, (2) in the subgroups of serum samples, the concentrations of arginine were lower in individuals with MDD than HCs, and (3) concurrent administration of psychotropic medications may be a confounding variable affecting the concentrations of arginine, ornithine, and citrulline. Our findings herein do not support the hypothesis that arginine catabolism between individuals with MDD and HCs are significantly different. The medication status and sample types should be considered as a key future research avenue for assessing arginine catabolism in MDD.

scholarly journals Linking Big Five Personality Domains and Facets to Alcohol (Mis)Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Priscilla Lui ◽  
Michael Chmielewski ◽  
Mayson Trujillo ◽  
Joseph Morris ◽  
Terri Pigott
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Unique Contribution ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
Meta Analyses

Aims: The goal of this investigation was to synthesize (un)published studies linking Big Five personality domains and facets to a range of alcohol use outcomes. Meta-analyses were conducted to quantify the unique associations between alcohol use outcomes and each Big Five personality domains over and above other domains. Within each domain, meta-analyses also were conducted to examine the unique contribution of each personality facet in alcohol use outcomes. Methods: Systematic literature reviews were performed in PsycINFO and PubMed using keywords related to alcohol use and personality. Peer-reviewed and unpublished studies were screened and coded for the meta-analyses. Eighty independent samples were subjected to correlated effects meta-regressions. Results: Over and above other Big Five personality domains, both conscientiousness and agreeableness were negatively correlated with alcohol consumption, risky/hazardous drinking, and negative drinking-related consequences. Facet-level analyses indicated that deliberation and dutifulness were uniquely associated with alcohol (mis)use over and above other conscientiousness facets, and compliance and straightforwardness were uniquely associated with alcohol (mis)use over and above other agreeableness facets. Extraversion—namely excitement seeking—was correlated with alcohol consumption, whereas neuroticism—namely impulsiveness and angry hostility—was correlated with negative drinking-related consequences. Conclusions: Personality characteristics are robust correlates of alcohol (mis)use. Examining relevant narrowband traits can inform mechanisms by which personality affects drinking behaviors and related problems, and ways to enhance clinical interventions for alcohol use disorder. Gaps in this literature and future research directions are discussed.

Collective Human Agency in the Context of Organizational Participation

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Georg Weber ◽  
Hans Jeppe Jeppesen
Keyword(s):  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Work Motivation ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Employee Participation ◽  
Ecological Approach ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Organizational Decision Making ◽  
Organizational Participation ◽  
The Social

Abstract. Connecting the social cognitive approach of human agency by Bandura (1997) and activity theory by Leontiev (1978) , this paper proposes a new theoretical framework for analyzing and understanding employee participation in organizational decision-making. Focusing on the social cognitive concepts of self-reactiveness, self-reflectiveness, intentionality, and forethought, commonalities, complementarities, and differences between both theories are explained. Efficacy in agency is conceived as a cognitive foundation of work motivation, whereas the mediation of societal requirements and resources through practical activity is conceptualized as an ecological approach to motivation. Additionally, we discuss to which degree collective objectifications can be understood as material indicators of employees’ collective efficacy. By way of example, we explore whether an integrated application of concepts from both theories promotes a clearer understanding of mechanisms connected to the practice of employee participation.

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