scholarly journals United States Ending the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Epidemic plan: evaluation of the role of industry funding in published pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) literature

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Somya Gupta ◽  
Reuben Granich
Keyword(s):  
Industry Funding ◽  
Potential Conflict ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
The Us ◽  
Frequent Testing ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
Corporate Support ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
The Impact

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is integral to the US End of AIDS strategy. However, low adherence, high costs, frequent testing and monitoring side effects make delivery of PrEP complicated. Gilead has sponsored PrEP-related research efforts and access as part of its marketing efforts. We review potential conflict of interests (COI) in the scientific literature for the US PrEP related articles to understand the impact of Gilead’s corporate sponsorship.We identified 93 US PrEP articles published in the top 10 medical journals and top 10 HIV/AIDS journals in 2018. There were 289 first three and senior authors in these articles, of which, 34 (11%) declared a Gilead COI and 28 (10%) had undeclared Gilead COI. Only 10 authors accounted for 50% of the articles, with 70% of them having potential COI including receiving grants, fees and study drugs. The 93 articles were associated with 51 leading institutions (institution of three or more authors or participating institutions in a trial). Authors from 12 (24%) institutions declared an institutional Gilead COI and 22 (45%) institutions had undeclared Gilead support. Overall, of the 93 included articles, 30 (32%) had declared Gilead COI. Combining declared and undeclared COIs for authors and institutions provided an overall 83 (89%) articles with a potential Gilead COI. Of the 93 articles, 60 (71%) had favorable conclusions in 60 (71%). Declared Gilead support was significantly associated with favorable article conclusions (p<.05) but combined declared/undeclared author and/or institutional Gilead support was not associated with favorable conclusion. Nearly 90% of US PrEP articles had Gilead support and authors failed to report individual or institutional COI in 70% of articles. Direct corporate support is important for scientific research. However, Gilead’s marketing push for PrEP, undeclared COI, and potential influence of Gilead supported authors are of concern given the potential impact on the scientific discourse and the US HIV control strategy.

The Impact of In-group Favoritism on Trade Preferences

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 827-850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana C. Mutz ◽  
Eunji Kim
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Trading Partner ◽  
Relative Advantage ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Partner Country ◽  
The Us ◽  
Trade Preferences ◽  
The Impact

AbstractUsing a population-based survey experiment, this study evaluates the role of in-group favoritism in influencing American attitudes toward international trade. By systematically altering which countries gain or lose from a given trade policy (Americans and/or people in trading partner countries), we vary the role that in-group favoritism should play in influencing preferences.Our results provide evidence of two distinct forms of in-group favoritism. The first, and least surprising, is that Americans value the well-being of other Americans more than that of people outside their own country. Rather than maximize total gains, Americans choose policies that maximize in-group well-being. This tendency is exacerbated by a sense of national superiority; Americans favor their national in-group to a greater extent if they perceive Americans to be more deserving.Second, high levels of perceived intergroup competition lead some Americans to prefer trade policies that benefit the in-group and hurt the out-group over policies that help both their own country and the trading partner country. For a policy to elicit support, it is important not only that the US benefits, but also that the trading partner country loses so that the US achieves a greater relative advantage. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding bipartisan public opposition to trade.

Better ‘Best Execution’

2018 ◽  
pp. 165-196
Author(s):  
Christopher Nagy ◽  
Tyler Gellasch
Keyword(s):  
Securities And Exchange Commission ◽  
Client Expectations ◽  
The Us ◽  
Best Execution ◽  
Public Disclosures ◽  
Investment Advisers ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Disclosure Obligations

This chapter reviews best execution and new disclosure obligations in relation to investment advisers as well as brokers; it also provides an overview of the strategies they use to meet their rapidly changing obligations. Investment advisers and brokers are confronted with increasingly stringent regulatory and client expectations to fulfil their duty of best execution. Regulators in Europe have become active in developing formal best execution obligations, but the US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is lagging behind in providing a clear framework for best execution. This chapter first outlines the analogous best execution obligation for broker-dealers and explores the contours of the SEC’s expectations for investment advisers. It then assesses the impact of new European best execution obligations and the role of public disclosures in aiding the fulfilment of best execution duties. It concludes by examining various strategies used by investment advisers to fulfil their evolving duties.

scholarly journals Structural insights and evaluation of the potential impact of missense variants on the interactions of SLIT2 with ROBO1/4 in cancer progression

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Debmalya Sengupta ◽  
Gairika Bhattacharya ◽  
Sayak Ganguli ◽  
Mainak Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Homology Modelling ◽  
Missense Variants ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Structural Insights ◽  
Rigid Docking

AbstractThe cognate interaction of ROBO1/4 with its ligand SLIT2 is known to be involved in lung cancer progression. However, the precise role of genetic variants, disrupting the molecular interactions is less understood. All cancer-associated missense variants of ROBO1/4 and SLIT2 from COSMIC were screened for their pathogenicity. Homology modelling was done in Modeller 9.17, followed by molecular simulation in GROMACS. Rigid docking was performed for the cognate partners in PatchDock with refinement in HADDOCK server. Post-docking alterations in conformational, stoichiometric, as well as structural parameters, were assessed. The disruptive variants were ranked using a weighted scoring scheme. In silico prioritisation of 825 variants revealed 379 to be potentially pathogenic out of which, about 12% of the variants, i.e. ROBO1 (14), ROBO4 (8), and SLIT2 (23) altered the cognate docking. Six variants of ROBO1 and 5 variants of ROBO4 were identified as "high disruptors" of interactions with SLIT2 wild type. Likewise, 17 and 13 variants of SLIT2 were found to be "high disruptors" of its interaction with ROBO1 and ROBO4, respectively. Our study is the first report on the impact of cancer-associated missense variants on ROBO1/4 and SLIT2 interactions that might be the drivers of lung cancer progression.

scholarly journals Contemplation and the Suffering Earth: Thomas Merton, Pope Francis, and the Next Generation

Open Theology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-227
Author(s):  
Christopher Pramuk
Keyword(s):  
Spiritual Formation ◽  
Human Heart ◽  
Environmental Crisis ◽  
Technology In Education ◽  
Pope Francis ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us ◽  
Thomas Merton ◽  
The Impact

Abstract During his address to the US Congress in 2015, Pope Francis lifted up the Trappist monk and famed spiritual writer Thomas Merton as one of four “great” Americans who “offer us a way of seeing and interpreting reality” that is life-giving and brings hope. Drawing from Merton and gesturing to Pope Francis’s 2015 encyclical Laudato Si’, the author explores the epistemological roots of the environmental crisis, arguing that while intellectual conversion to the crisis is crucial, Merton’s witness suggests a deeper kind of transformation is required. Reading Merton schools the imagination in the way of wisdom, or sapientia, a contemplative disposition that senses its kinship with Earth through the eyes of the heart, illuminating what Pope Francis has called “an integral ecology.” The author considers the impact of two major influences on Merton’s thought: the Russian Wisdom school of theology, or sophiology, and French theologian Jacques Ellul, whose 1964 book “The Technological Society” raises prescient questions about the role of technology in education and spiritual formation. Arguing that our present crisis is both technological and spiritual, epistemological and metaphysical, the author foregrounds Merton’s contributions to a sapiential theology and theopoetics while asking how the sciences and humanities might work together more intentionally toward the transformation of the personal and collective human heart.

scholarly journals Contribution of HIV Infection, AIDS, and Antiretroviral Therapy to Exocrine Pathogenesis in Salivary and Lacrimal Glands

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Nizamuddin ◽  
Peter Koulen ◽  
Carole McArthur
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Immune Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Deficiency Syndrome ◽  
Exocrine Function ◽  
Lacrimal Glands ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

The structure and function of exocrine glands are negatively affected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its co-morbidities, including innate and adaptive immune responses. At the same time, exocrine function may also be influenced by pharmacotherapies directed at the infectious agents. Here, we briefly review the role of the salivary glands and lacrimal glands in normal physiology and exocrine pathogenesis within the context of HIV infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), including the contribution of antiretroviral therapies on both. Subsequently, we discuss the impact of HIV infection and the types of antiretroviral therapy on disease management and therapy development efforts.

scholarly journals Unwanted Conflict? The Analysis of the Impact of Misperception, Beliefs and Psychology of President Nasser at the Outbreak of the Six Day War

2019 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 1950003
Author(s):  
Janko Šćepanović
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Structural Explanation ◽  
Defining Moments ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Six Day War ◽  
The Impact

The Six Day War was one of the most defining moments in the history of the Modern Middle East. This paper seeks to add to the existing scholarship on the subject by going beyond the structural explanation. It gives special attention to the role of unit-level variables like perception, personality, and political psychology of decision-makers. As one scholar noted, threats are not perceived in a vacuum, and are, instead, products of complex synthesis of subjective appraisal of events by the decision-makers. The focus will be on the beliefs and perceptions of the most impactful actor in this crisis: Egyptian President Nasser. As will be argued, his decision-making was shaped by his experience with foreign imperialism, a general misconception of super power intentions, an incorrect analogy between two crucial crisis situations with Israel: the February 1960 Rotem Crisis, and the build-up to the June War in 1967, and especially his complicated relations with the US leaders.

scholarly journals Flow Cytometry Analysis of HIV-1 Env Conformations at the Surface of Infected Cells and Virions: Role of Nef, CD4, and SERINC5

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Staropoli ◽  
Jérémy Dufloo ◽  
Anaïs Ducher ◽  
Pierre-Henri Commere ◽  
Anna Sartori-Rupp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Cellular Proteins ◽  
Viral Infectivity ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Env Protein ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT The HIV-1 Env protein is exposed at the surface of virions and infected cells. Env fluctuates between different closed and open structural states and these conformations influence both viral infectivity and sensitivity to antibody binding and neutralization. We established a flow virometry assay to visualize Env proteins at the surface of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions. The assay is performed on ultracentrifuged fluorescent viral particles that are stained with a panel of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and nonneutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) that probe different epitopes of Env. We used this assay to compare Env at the surface of producer cells and viral particles and to analyze the effect of Nef, CD4, and SERINC5 on Env accessibility to antibodies. We studied the laboratory-adapted strain NL4-3 and two transmitted/founder viruses, THRO and CH058. We confirm that antibody accessibility varies between viral strains and show that Nef, CD4, and SERINC5 additively impact Env conformations. We further demonstrate that the Env accessibility profile on virions is globally similar to that observed on HIV-1-infected cells, with some noticeable differences. For instance, nnAbs bind to virions more efficiently than to producer cells, likely reflecting changes in Env conformational states on mature viral particles. This test complements other techniques and provides a convenient and simple tool for quantifying and probing the structure of Env at the virion surface and to analyze the impact of viral and cellular proteins on these parameters. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 Env conformation is one of the key parameters determining viral infectivity. The flow virometry-based assay developed in this study allows for the characterization of proteins incorporated in HIV-1 particles. We studied the conformation of HIV-1 Env and the impact that the viral protein Nef and the cellular proteins CD4 and SERINC5 have on Env accessibility to antibodies. Our assay permitted us to highlight some noticeable differences in the conformation of Env between producer cells and viral particles. It contributes to a better understanding of the actual composition of HIV-1 particles.

A change in the calculated impact of supersonic aircraft NO x emissions on the atmosphere

2007 ◽  
Vol 111 (1119) ◽  
pp. 311-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Dessens ◽  
H. L. Rogers ◽  
J. A. Pyle
Keyword(s):  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Special Report ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Model Calculations ◽  
Supersonic Aircraft ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development

Abstract New model calculations suggest that the potential impact on the atmosphere of a future fleet of supersonic aircraft, for the year 2015, is highly dependent upon the amount of nitrogen oxides (NO x ) emitted from the fleet. This result contrasts with the IPCC assessment which suggested that the impact of supersonic aircraft on the atmosphere was primarily through the role of water vapour emissions both on atmospheric ozone and climate change. These new findings are extremely important for atmospheric scientists, the aviation industry and policy makers, highlighting the importance of further development of low NO x combustors for supersonic aircraft, an aspect which has been largely ignored following the IPCC Special Report.

The Impact of Publishing and Patenting Activities on New Product Development and Firm Performance: The Case of the US Pharmaceutical Industry

2003 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Steven McMillan ◽  
Alfredo Mauri ◽  
Robert D. Halmilton
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Product Development ◽  
New Product Development ◽  
New Product ◽  
The Us ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The Impact

This paper studies the role of publishing and patenting activities as predictors of new product development for a sample of companies in the U.S. pharmaceutical industry. The research also examines the relation between new product development and firm performance. Hypotheses are developed based on the well-established absorptive capacity literature. The results show that publishing scientific articles and stock of patents are both significant predictors of the number of new molecular entities (NMEs) for which a firm receives approval. In addition, the degree to which a firm builds on its own technology (measured as self-citations in its patents) also predicts NMEs, but the regression coefficient had an unexpected negative sign. Finally, the performance results confirm that the approval of NMEs is significantly associated with the market-to-book ratio of a firm. The managerial implications of these findings and study limitations are also discussed.

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