scholarly journals Promoting Transparent Reporting of Conflicts of Interests and Statistical Analyses at the Journal of Sex Research

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Kitchener Sakaluk ◽  
Cynthia Graham
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Sex Research ◽  
Transparent Reporting

Editorial describing changes to JSR submission policies regarding transparent disclosures of potential conflicts of interest and statistical analyses.

scholarly journals A hidden web of policy influence: The pharmaceutical industry’s engagement with UK’s All-Party Parliamentary Groups

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0252551
Author(s):  
Emily Rickard ◽  
Piotr Ozieranski
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
Total Drug ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Policy Influence ◽  
Patient Organisations ◽  
Drug Companies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Industry Needs

Our objective was to examine conflicts of interest between the UK’s health-focused All-Party Parliamentary Groups (APPGs) and the pharmaceutical industry between 2012 and 2018. APPGs are informal cross-party groups revolving around a particular topic run by and for Members of the UK’s Houses of Commons and Lords. They facilitate engagement between parliamentarians and external organisations, disseminate knowledge, and generate debate through meetings, publications, and events. We identified APPGs focusing on physical or mental health, wellbeing, health care, or treatment and extracted details of their payments from external donors disclosed on the Register for All-Party Parliamentary Groups. We identified all donors which were pharmaceutical companies and pharmaceutical industry-funded patient organisations. We established that sixteen of 146 (11%) health-related APPGs had conflicts of interest indicated by reporting payments from thirty-five pharmaceutical companies worth £1,211,345.81 (16.6% of the £7,283,414.90 received by all health-related APPGs). Two APPGs (Health and Cancer) received more than half of the total value provided by drug companies. Fifty APPGs also had received payments from patient organisations with conflicts of interest, indicated by reporting 304 payments worth £986,054.94 from 57 (of 84) patient organisations which had received £27,883,556.3 from pharmaceutical companies across the same period. In total, drug companies and drug industry-funded patient organisations provided a combined total of £2,197,400.75 (30.2% of all funding received by health-related APPGs) and 468 (of 1,177–39.7%) payments to 58 (of 146–39.7%) health-related APPGs, with the APPG for Cancer receiving the most funding. In conclusion, we found evidence of conflicts of interests through APPGs receiving substantial income from pharmaceutical companies. Policy influence exerted by the pharmaceutical industry needs to be examined holistically, with an emphasis on relationships between actors potentially playing part in its lobbying campaigns. We also suggest ways of improving transparency of payment reporting by APPGs and pharmaceutical companies.

6. Conflicts of interests

Legal Ethics ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Herring
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Codes Of Conduct ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Conflict Rule ◽  
Professional Codes ◽  
Ethical Basis

This chapter discusses the ‘conflicts of interest’ principle. It explains the principles that underpin the no-conflict rule. It consider the obligations under the professional codes of conduct for the rule. The chapter also explores the ethical basis for the principle and exceptions to it. The chapter looks too at some of the case law on how lawyers should avoid conflicts of interest.

Immunologic Responder Groups.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. SCI-47-SCI-47
Author(s):  
Steven R. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Abstract SCI-47 Transfusion medicine has long recognized that there is significant variation in the human immune response to red blood cell (RBC) transfusions.1 All allogeneic RBC transfusions expose the recipient to multiple foreign antigens, but very few RBC transfusions induce a detectable humoral immune response. Using statistical analyses of antibody responses among transfused patient populations, we found that the response closely approximates a geometric distribution that would be predicted by a random memory-less (stochastic) process. These statistical analyses demonstrate that most patients fail to mount immune responses to RBC transfusions but a distinct group of patients, termed potential responders, is capable of mounting an immune response to blood transfusions. Potential responders comprise approximately 13% of the transfused population and this proportion does not depend on pathologic diagnoses, age, gender or racial group. The only group that has a higher rate of potential responders are pregnant women, but those patients have a second route of antibody exposure. Although the ability to immunologically respond to blood transfusions appears to be limited to the relatively small population of potential responders, even potential responders do not mount an immune response to most RBC transfusions. Additionally, the specific antibodies that patients make are not completely independent of each other. Indeed, patients who have made some specific antibodies are more likely to subsequently make one set of anti-erythrocyte antibodies and less likely to make another set of anti-erythrocyte antibodies. This suggests that the potential immune repertoire differs between patients and the difference in potential repertoire is not solely explained by the antigens expressed on the patients' erythrocytes. Moreover, the potential repertoire is influenced by the age of the patient. Younger patients have a more diverse immune response producing antibodies against a broad spectrum of RBC antigens. As patients get older, the immune response becomes more limited and usually only responds against the most immunogenic RBC antigens. In summary, these results suggest that potential responders to intravenous administration of RBCs comprise a genetically distinct group and that additional factors determine which transfusion will induce an immune response in potential responders. The factors that cause a person to be a potential responder and the factors that cause a potential responder actually respond to a specific transfusion are subjects of ongoing research. In the meantime, transfusion services may consider minimizing immunologic stimuli to patients who are clearly responders. 1. Higgins JM, Sloan SR. Stochastic modeling of human RBC alloimmunization: evidence for a distinct population of immunologic responders. Blood. 2008;112:2546-2553. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Conflicts Of Interest In Pharmaceutical Sponsored Research On Erythropoietin Receptors In Cancer: An Updated Analysis

Blood ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 122 (21) ◽  
pp. 2938-2938
Author(s):  
Alyssa Trenery ◽  
Samuel Kessler ◽  
Van Slooten Eleasa ◽  
Akida Lebby ◽  
Charles L. Bennett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Cellular Function ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Academic Scientists ◽  
Academic Researchers ◽  
Signaling Events ◽  
Financial Conflicts Of Interest

Abstract Background Financial conflicts of interests in clinical studies have been a perennial subject of investigation because of their potential to harm the public’s health. In 2010, we reported the first systematic analysis examining such conflicts in preclinical research, identifying that academic researchers without financial conflicts of interest significantly differed from academic researchers with financial conflicts of interest as well as scientists employed by manufacturers of erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs). Those with no conflict of interest identified functional erythropoietin (Epo) receptors on tumor cells and that these receptors when activated carried out detrimental cell signaling and tumor promotion effects. The analysis was based on published studies from 1993 to 2008. In 2008, an NCI-sponsored conference with 14 academic scientists and 6 manufacturer employed-scientists restated these findings. We now review the status of the peer-reviewed published literature that has been disseminated following the NCI conference. Methods Articles identified in MEDLINE and EMBASE databases (2008-2012) investigating preclinical findings were reviewed for information on Epo receptors, signaling events, cellular function, and study conclusions. Study findings were classified into 3 groups according to funding source. (1) Academic-based studies authored by investigators without manufacturer funding [13 studies], (2) academic-based studies authored by investigators with funding from ESA manufacturers [8 studies], and (3) industry-based studies authored by more than 75% of investigators employed by ESA manufacturers [2 studies]. Results Studies authored by investigators in groups 1 and 2 report: Epo-induced signaling events in tumor cells (84.6% and 100.0%, respectively) and conclude that ESAs could be clinically harmful (83.3% and 57.2%, respectively); while no investigators in group 3 report Epo-induced signaling events in tumor cells or conclude that ESAs could be clinically harmful. Using univariate optimal discriminate analysis, 6/9 studies authored by investigators in groups 2 and 3 found no harmful changes in cellular function and is statistically different from investigators in group 1 who found harmful changes in cellular function in 11/12 studies (p<.02). Conclusions Convergence has occurred over time regarding the harmful conclusions of ESAs and cancer progression among academic scientists with versus without financial conflicts of interests. However scientists employed by ESA manufacturers still report no detrimental basic science findings of ESAs on tumor cells. This claim is of considerable importance to the ESA manufacturers, as FDA advisories have indicated that should detrimental preclinical effects of ESAs be found on certain tumor cell lines, then the advisory committees may consider particular caution in the use of ESAs among persons with these specific tumor types. Disclosures: Bennett: Amgen: Consultancy, Research Funding.

Governance of conflicts of interest in the publication of health research – perspectives on ways forward from a journal

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
C Chatfield
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Academic Research ◽  
Publishing Research ◽  
Potential Bias ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Corporate Influence ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Financial Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract Identifying corporate influence and biases in the publication of academic research is fraught with difficulty, as this presentation explores. Journals often rely on authors' own disclosures of interests, which may intentionally or unintentionally omit relevant conflicts. Financial conflicts of interests may be easier for authors and editors to identify, allowing some mitigation, but non-financial conflicts of interest and corporate influence can be harder to tease out. Both authors and journals make multiple judgements on which interests are relevant and it is easy for opaque conflicts to slip through the cracks. Even if these conflicts of interests are declared, moreover, many journals rely on transparency to inform their policy on publishing research by authors with links to industry; this transparency assumes that readers are able to discern the potential bias arising from these relationships. However - while we know that readers consider research papers written by authors with declared financial links to industry to be less important, relevant, rigorous, and believable - this may lead readers to place unwarranted trust in research from authors whose conflicts are less clearly visible. For example, from authors aligned with academic institutions whose departments may experience corporate influence, but in a manner too indirect to be declared. In order to consider these issues in context, delegates will be asked to make judgements on whether particular conflicts of interest statements would exclude authors from publishing with one leading journal, the British Medical Journal. They will hear how journals are now moving beyond transparency in order to better engage with these themes: via such initiatives as, for example, registries of interests; the re-definition of competing interests as relationships; and increasingly widespread policies that entirely exclude authors with financial ties to industry from publishing.

11. Directors’ duties II: conflicts of interest

Company Law ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 264-293
Author(s):  
Lee Roach
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests

This chapter focuses on those duties relating to conflicts of interests, before moving on to look at transactions involving directors that require member approval. Section 175 of the CA 2006 provides that a director must avoid a situation in which he has, or can have, an interest that conflicts with that of the company. Section 176 provides that a director must not accept, from a third party, a benefit conferred by reason of his being a director or by doing anything as a director. Meanwhile, section 177 provides that a director who is interested in a proposed transaction or arrangement with the company must disclose the nature and extent of that interest to the other directors. Member approval is required if a director is interested in a ‘substantial property transaction’ involving the company or if a director is to enter into a loan, quasi-loan, or credit transaction with the company.

scholarly journals Effect of Financial Relationships on the Behaviors of Health Care Professionals: A Review of the Evidence

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 452-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Robertson ◽  
Susannah Rose ◽  
Aaron S. Kesselheim
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Conflicting Interests ◽  
Care Costs ◽  
Financial Relationships

Physicians, scholars, and policymakers continue to be concerned about conflicts of interests among health care providers. At least two main types of objections to conflicts of interest exist. Conflicts of interests may be intrinsically troublesome if they violate providers’ fiduciary duties to their patients or they contribute to loss of trust in health care professionals and the health care system. Conflicts of interest may also be problematic in practice if they bias the decisions made by providers, adversely impacting patient outcomes or wastefully increasing health care costs. This latter objection may be observed in differences in the prescriptions written, procedures performed, or costs billed by health care professionals who have conflicting interests, when compared to those that do not have such financial relationships.

scholarly journals Corporate sponsorship and health halo for ultra-processed products

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Raquel Piaggio ◽  
Andrea Monica Solans
Keyword(s):  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Space Time ◽  
International Congress ◽  
Corporate Sponsorship ◽  
Dietary Recommendations ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Nutritional Profile ◽  
Funding Sources ◽  
Processed Products

Objective To describe the characteristics of corporate sponsorship during the 21st International Congress of Nutrition provided by food companies, and to analyse the measures proposed by the organizers to deal with prospective conflicts of interest. Design Qualitative study based on participant observation and document analysis. Setting 21st International Congress of Nutrition, Buenos Aires, October 2017. Analysis The nutritional profile of the products advertised in the area of commercial exhibition was analysed according to the PAHO Nutrient Profile Model. The document analysis was based on the grounded theory to propose conceptual categories that organize the narratives on the aforementioned products. Results Large food corporations sponsoring the Congress advertised a selection of their products to health professionals and other participants attending the event. 92% of the exhibited food products were ultra-processed. 85% were high in added sugars, sodium, and/or saturated fats. Despite this unsuitable nutritional profile, narratives to endow ultra-processed products with a health halo were developed through three thematic axes: fortification with micro-nutrients, reformulation of products and symbolic reconversion of snacks by creating a positive assessment and removing negative connotations. The measures adopted by the organization to deal with prospective conflicts of interests included space-time segmentation of activities and the requirement for the lecturers to submit a statement declaring their funding sources limited to each presentation. Space-time restrictions proved insufficient, and the declaration of funding sources was not a requirement for institutions organizing the symposia. Conclusions The influence of corporate sponsorship by food companies in the topics of scientific debate and dietary recommendations leads to questioning the efficacy of the measures adopted by the organizers to deal with the conflicts of interests. Said measures have been characterized as an institutionalized opacity policy. It is necessary to define stricter standards to prevent sponsorship from companies that commercialize unhealthy products and/or that advertise products in an unsuitable way.

scholarly journals Psychological and Pedagogical Measures of Preventing Conflicts of Interest Among Employees of Law Enforcement Agencies

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
N.V. Serdyuk ◽  
Y.G. Naumov ◽  
L.L. Grishenko
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Civil Servants ◽  
Conflicts Of Interests ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Conflict Of Interests ◽  
Personal Meanings ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Selection Of

The article considers significant characteristics of the phenomenon of corruption resistance of employees of internal affairs agencies as civil servants. The outlined problem of preventing corruption manifestations and conflicts of interests in operational and service activities is characterized by the fact that it exceeds the limits of legal regulation. The possible solution in this case might be the selection of relevant psychological and pedagogical measures of preventing the conflict of interests and the formation of corruption resistance in the personnel of the internal affairs bodies. The article describes the value basis of law enforcement service and personal meanings in the profession.

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