scholarly journals Mask wearing behavior across routine and leisure activities during COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Guevara Beltran ◽  
Calvin Isch ◽  
Jessica Daphne Ayers ◽  
Joe Alcock ◽  
Jessica F. Brinkworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Time Orientation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Related Stress

Despite continued transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and sustained recommendations to wear protective face coverings, many people remained reluctant to comply throughout the early months of the pandemic. In the present study we surveyed an international cohort of participants on three different occasions from July to August, 2020 (N = 695) to examine the relative contribution of several factors in explaining variation in mask wearing behavior across a range of routine and leisure activities. We examine the role of COVID-19 prevalence, perceived risk of infection, COVID-19 related stress, demographics, time orientation, and several mask wearing attitudes and intentions. We find that COVID-19-related stress and the intention to protect oneself were reliably associated with more mask wearing across contexts, while other factors, such as anxiety caused by others’ mask wearing and the intention to wear masks to protect others, were context dependent. We discuss potential avenues for future research on possible positive and negative indirect effects of COVID-19-related stress, time orientation, and political orientation with regard to mask wearing behavior.

scholarly journals Public Service Motivation and Individual Job Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 254-277
Author(s):  
Adrian Ritz ◽  
Wouter Vandenabeele ◽  
Dominik Vogel
Keyword(s):  
Public Service ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
Service Performance ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
The Relationship

When pressure on human resource departments to make government more efficient is increasing, it is of great relevance to understand employees’ motivation and the fit of an employee with their job, as both contribute strongly to service performance. Therefore, this chapter discusses the role of public employees’ motivation and its relationship to individual performance. More specifically, this relationship is examined by focusing on public service motivation (PSM), a stream of research developed during the last three decades stressing the service orientation of public employees’ identity. Theoretically, how the relationship between PSM and individual performance is dependent on institutions is discussed, and an overview of the existing empirical evidence concerning this relationship is provided. The literature review discusses a variety of aspects such as direct vs. indirect effects, type of performance used, how performance is measured, and effect sizes. Finally, several avenues for future research are proposed, including methodological strategies.

An Indirect Effects Model of the Association Between Poverty and Child Functioning: The Role of Children's Poverty-Related Stress

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 156-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha E. Wadsworth ◽  
Tali Raviv∗ ◽  
Christine Reinhard ◽  
Brian Wolff ◽  
Catherine DeCarlo Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Child Functioning ◽  
Related Stress

scholarly journals Functional fear predicts public health compliance in the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig A. Harper ◽  
Liam Satchell ◽  
Dean Fido ◽  
Robert Latzman
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Change ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Message Framing ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Relevant Variables ◽  
Social Scientific ◽  
Public Message

In the current context of the global pandemic of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), health professionals are working with social scientists to inform government policy on how to slow the spread of the virus. An increasing amount of social scientific research has looked at the role of public message framing, for instance, but few studies have thus far examined the role of individual differences in emotional and personality-based variables in predicting virus-mitigating behaviors. In this study we recruited a large international community sample (N = 324) to complete measures of self-perceived risk of contracting COVID-19, fear of the virus, moral foundations, political orientation, and behavior change in response to the pandemic. Consistently, the only predictor of positive behavior change (e.g., social distancing, improved hand hygiene) was fear of COVID-19, with no effect of politically-relevant variables. We discuss these data in relation to the potentially functional nature of fear in global health crises.

scholarly journals Perceived Threat of the Coronavirus and the Role of Trust in Safeguards: A Case Study in Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kanovsky ◽  
Júlia Halamová
Keyword(s):  
Factor Structure ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Individual Responsibility ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Public Confidence ◽  
Exploratory Research ◽  
Emergency Communication ◽  
Good Reliability ◽  
Instrument Measuring

In this exploratory research study, we developed an instrument to investigate people’s confidence in safeguarding measures [Confidence in Safeguards Scale (CSS)] and we adapted an instrument measuring perceived risk of coronavirus [perceived risk of coronavirus scale (PRCS)] that was originally based on a perceived risk of HIV measure. We then explored the effect of public confidence in safeguarding measures designed to halt the spread of the coronavirus on perceived risk, controlling for related covariates. The sample consisted of N = 565 respondents; 119 were males (21.1%) and 446 were females (78.9%). Mean age was 35.42 (SD = 13.11), range was 18–77 years. We used convenience sampling to gather the data at the end of March 2020 via social media in Slovakia. The CSS showed good reliability levels and a three-factor structure: Confidence in Institutions, Confidence in Personal and Family Behaviors, and Confidence in Others’ Behaviors. The PRCS showed good reliability levels and a two-factor structure: Fear of Contraction and Perceived Likelihood of Contraction. Participants with higher levels of Confidence in Others’ Behaviors perceived the spread of the coronavirus to be less threatening, both cognitively (less perceived likelihood of contraction) and affectively (less fear of contraction). This finding could be used when designing public health policy and emergency communication. Enhancing confidence in others’ behaviors could encourage individual responsibility, social responsibility, and solidarity through social bonds extending beyond the family. In future research we plan to replicate the data collection using the same instruments in different countries so the results are comparable across cultures and can be used to improve emergency communication.

scholarly journals Mask wearing is associated with COVID-19 Prevalence, Risk, Stress, and Future Orientation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Guevara Beltran ◽  
Calvin Isch ◽  
Jessica Daphne Ayers ◽  
Joe Alcock ◽  
Jessica F. Brinkworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Future Orientation ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Lower Stress ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Consideration Of Future Consequences ◽  
The World ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
Future Consequences

Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, wearing protective facial masks has become a divisive issue, yet little is known about what drives differences in mask wearing across individuals. We surveyed 711 people around the world, asking about mask wearing and several other variables. We found that people who reported greater perceived risk of infection, stress, and those with greater consideration of future consequences reported wearing masks more often during in-person interactions. Participants who knew more people who had been infected and those who lived in postal codes with higher prevalence of COVID-19 perceived their risk of infection to be higher and reported greater pandemic-related stress. Perceived risk of infection and pandemic-related stress were higher overall in women and those reporting greater future-orientedness. Finally, participants who were more politically conservative reported lower perceived risk of becoming infected and lower stress than those who were more liberal, but there was no reliable difference in mask wearing between these groups. This is the first of four papers investigating mask wearing using this data set; the forthcoming papers will focus on predicting attitudes and motivations about mask wearing, the situations in which people do and do not report wearing masks, and the extent to which people report mask wearing in their communities. This is part of a broader study to understand the psychological and social influences on mask wearing and, more broadly, the impacts of the pandemic on human behavior and social interactions.

Exploring Factors That Drive Adoption of Various Categories of M-commerce: An Emerging Market Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 526-546
Author(s):  
Shweta Pandey ◽  
Deepak Chawla
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personal Innovativeness ◽  
Structured Equation Modeling ◽  
Effort Expectancy ◽  
Facilitating Conditions

The study examines the factors that drive actual adoption of the four categories of m-commerce, namely content delivery, location-based, transaction-based and entertainment in India. Data was collected from 321 m-commerce users and analysed using structured equation modeling (SEM). The results show that performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions, perceived risk and perceived enjoyment have varied impact, while social influence has a significant positive impact across the four categories. Further, personal innovativeness (PI) has a significant indirect impact on adoption of all the categories. The study adds on to the extant knowledge on m-commerce adoption in India and provides insights for marketers in devising relevant strategies for adoption of varied m-commerce categories. Further, it provides insights on the role of PI in driving adoption of m-commerce. The results from the study are limited to the Indian context and need to be validated across other contexts such as country and service offers suggesting future research opportunities. Future studies can also explore other m-commerce categories such as government services and telemetry services.

Traditional and Culture-Specific Parenting of Prosociality in US Latino/as

2019 ◽  
pp. 246-266
Author(s):  
Gustavo Carlo ◽  
L. Diego Conejo Bolanos
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Fourth Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Prosocial Development ◽  
Developmental Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Related Stress

This chapter provides an overview of theory and research on parenting and moral development in US Latino/a populations, including acculturation and enculturation, ethnic identity, and exposure and responses to discrimination and culture-related stress experiences. First, we briefly review traditional theories on the influence of parents in children’s prosocial development. Second, broad ecological and developmental theories that speak to the role of culture-related processes are covered. The third section presents a brief history of US Latino/as and highlights cultural values and characteristics relevant to understand the role of parents in US Latino/a children’s prosocial development. The fourth section presents an integrative cultural stress-based model of US Latino prosocial development and summarizes supporting research. Finally, the authors identify gaps in the existing literature and directions for future research.

Fear of Crime: The Influence of General Fear, Risk, and Time Perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1224-1246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derek Chadee ◽  
Nikita K. Ng Ying ◽  
Mary Chadee ◽  
Linda Heath
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Construal Level Theory ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Personality Factor ◽  
Psychological Variable ◽  
The Relationship

Prior research on fear of crime has focused less on psychological causes than on sociological and demographic factors. This study, however, introduces time perspective (TP) as an important psychological variable in the understanding of fear of crime. Specifically, the article assesses the relationship between TP as a stable personality factor and the mediation of risk and general fear on fear of crime levels. Data were collected using the survey method from a sample of 375 respondents utilizing the following scales: Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) consisting of five TP subscales, Ferraro’s perceived risk of victimization and fear of crime scales, and a general (non-crime) fear scale measuring pragmatic and abstract fear. Path analysis shows no significant direct relationships between the five TP subscales and fear of crime. However, indirect effects are observed for Past Negative TP and Present Fatalistic TP, with general fear (pragmatic and abstract) and risk of victimization mediating the relationship, and pragmatic fear having the greatest significant effect size. Results are discussed in the context of risk and general fear sensitivity and construal level theory. We conclude with recommendations for future research.

Exploring the effect of an enhanced e-commerce institutional mechanism on online shopping intention in the context of e-commerce poverty alleviation

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Feiyan Han ◽  
Bo Li
Keyword(s):  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Mediation Effect ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeE-commerce poverty alleviation (EPA) is an innovative poverty alleviation model in China. The institutional mechanisms of the e-commerce platform improve the effect of EPA and exert online shopping purchase power in rural China. From a socio-technical perspective, this paper used adoption readiness of farmers and perceived risk to construct an integrated model to discern the effect of enhanced e-commerce institutional mechanisms on farmers' online shopping intention in the context of EPA.Design/methodology/approachThe survey included 832 valid samples from rural farmers in Shanxi province. This study analyses using structural equation modelling (SEM) and bootstrap methods used to empirically test the model.FindingsFindings suggest that enhanced e-commerce institutional mechanisms have significant direct and indirect positive impacts on farmers' online shopping intention; adoption readiness and perceived risk play partial mediation roles in determining the relationship between farmers' online shopping intention and enhanced e-commerce institutional mechanisms; and the indirect mediation effect of adoption readiness is greater than that of perceived risk.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the proposed model was supported in the questionnaire survey, the investigation method was not completely excluded. Future research can combine the method of panel data and apply the framework to other e-commerce platforms, as well as to other cultural settings.Practical implicationsThe study suggests that enhanced e-commerce institutional mechanisms that are based on the needs of farmers from poverty-stricken areas change the shopping habits of farmers. Moreover, enhanced e-commerce institutional mechanisms should allow farmers' perceived adoption readiness to play its promoting role and reduce the impeding role of perceived risk. The results of this study are conducive to the intensive implementation of the ‘Three Rural Issues’ strategy in China.Originality/valueA new model to generate a two-factor mediation effect model by integrating the perceived effectiveness of enhanced e-commerce institutional mechanisms with farmers, farmers' adoption readiness, perceived risk and online shopping intention. The study explored the relationship between enhanced e-commerce institutional mechanisms and farmers' online shopping intention, bridging the gap in related empirical studies. Besides, this study first proposed farmers' adoption readiness and clarifies the mediating role of farmers' adoption readiness and perceived risk, which highlights the previously unnoticed role of farmers' adoption readiness.

Children’s experience of sport in Australia

2015 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 551-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne McPherson ◽  
Maureen Long ◽  
Matthew Nicholson ◽  
Nadine Cameron ◽  
Prue Atkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Leisure Activities ◽  
Mixed Methods Study ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Survey Responses

Australia is known as a ‘sporting nation’ and sport is central to its cultural identity. Children’s participation in leisure activities, including sport, is considered to be of such importance that it is enshrined as an international human right. There is a growing awareness, however, that children’s experience of sport is not always positive and that abuse and harm may occur in organised sport. This paper reports on a study designed to explore children’s experiences of organised sport, as recounted by young adults between the ages of 18 and 25 years. A mixed methods study design was implemented, which resulted in 107 survey responses and 10 follow-up interviews with young adults. Overwhelmingly, young people reported the lasting developmental benefits of participation in organised sport as children. More than 50% also reported negative experiences, including emotional and physical harm and sexual harassment. The reasons for these apparently contradictory findings are explored. The role of coaches, peers, parents and the wider sporting association ethos are investigated and suggestions made for future research.

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