scholarly journals Less identifiable but no less helpful: Face masks do not go along with selfish behavior

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yashvin Seetahul ◽  
Tobias Greitemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Selfish Behavior ◽  
Total N ◽  
Practical Test ◽  
The Face

Covering the face with masks in public settings has been recommended since the start of the pandemic. Because faces provide information about identity, and that face masks hide a portion of the face, it is plausible to expect individuals who wear a mask to consider themselves less identifiable. Prior research suggests that perceived identifiability is positively related to prosocial behavior, and with two pre-registered field studies (total N = 5706) we provide a currently relevant and practical test of this relation. Our findings indicate that mask wearers and non-wearers display equivalent levels of helping behavior (Studies 1 and 2), although mask wearers have a lower level of perceived identifiability than those without a mask (Study 2). Overall, our findings suggest that claims that face masks are related to selfish behavior are not warranted, and that there is no practical link between perceived identifiability and prosocial behavior.

Lacking status hinders prosocial behavior among the powerful

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1547-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeri Cho ◽  
Nathanael J. Fast
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
High Power ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Full Time ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Interpersonal Helping ◽  
Power Hierarchy

We conducted 2 studies to examine if status has varying effects on prosocial behavior for those at different levels of the power hierarchy. In Study 1 (N = 78), adults employed full-time in the USA responded to an online survey and the results showed that self-perceived power and status interacted to predict prosocial behavior. That is, lacking status led high-power, but not low-power, individuals to engage less in prosocial behavior. In Study 2 (N = 142), we orthogonally manipulated status and power and measured prosocial behavior. Once again, lacking status led to less helping behavior among high-power, but not low-power, participants. These findings show how power and status interact to influence interpersonal helping behavior. Implications for future research on social hierarchy and prosocial behavior are discussed.

scholarly journals Kematangan Emosi dan Prososial pada Relawan Desa Lawan COVID-19 ditinjau dari Jenis Kelamin

PSYCHE 165 ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 32-39
Author(s):  
Aprian Istiono ◽  
Mamang Efendy
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Emotional Maturity ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Male Volunteers ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis ◽  
Behavior Scale ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Simple Regression

Prosocial behavior and help should be shared by everyone in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for village volunteers directly involved in providing assistance and assistance in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic established by the Ministry of Villages PDTT. Prosocial behavior must certainly be owned by village volunteers in carrying out their duties properly. One of the factors that make up prosocial behavior is emotional maturity, emotional maturity plays an important role for volunteers to manage their emotions well in carrying out their duties. The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship between emotional maturity and prosocial behavior as well as differences in emotional maturity and prosocial behavior reviewed from the sexes. The research sample consisted of 72 village volunteers who were randomly selected sampling. Data collection uses emotional maturity scale and self-developed prosocial behavior scale by researchers. Data analysis techniques use simple regression analysis and t-testing. The results showed there was a very significant relationship between emotional maturity and prosocial behavior in village volunteers versus COVID-19. The results also showed no significant differences in prosocial behavior between male volunteers and female volunteers and there was no significant difference in emotional maturity between male volunteers and female volunteers. Which means emotional maturity is an important predictor for prosocial behavior, and prosocial behavior and emotional maturity do not differ between men and women.

The distribution of net nitrogen mineralisation within surface soil. 1. Field studies under a wheat crop

Soil Research ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erry Purnomo ◽  
A. S. Black ◽  
C. J. Smith ◽  
M. K. Conyers
Keyword(s):  
Soil Depth ◽  
New South ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Mineralisation ◽  
Total N ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Soil Temperature And Moisture

To test the hypothesis that net nitrogen (N) mineralisation is concentrated in the surface few centimetres following minimal soil disturbance for crop establishment, mineralisation was measured during the growth of wheat. The soil was a Red Kandosol located in southern New South Wales. Mineralisation was estimated usingin situ incubations inside capped PVC tubes, which were sampled every 3 weeks. Soil from the tubes was sampled at depth intervals of 2 cm to a depth of 10 cm and at 5-cm intervals from 10 to 20 cm. The results showed that net N mineralisation decreased with depth to 20 cm. Over the season, an average of 32% of the N mineralised in the top 20 cm of soil originated from the 0–2 cm layer, 72% was from the 0–6 cm layer, and only 13% was from soil below 10 cm. The decrease in N mineralisation with soil depth was highly correlated with decreases in the organic carbon (r2 = 0.84, P < 0.05) and total N (r2 = 0.83, P < 0.05) concentration. The soil's N-supplying ability is concentrated near the surface where it is susceptible to erosional loss. The N supply may also be inhibited by temperature and moisture extremes, which are common in the surface few centimetres of soil where mineralisation was concentrated. The PVC enclosures created artefacts in soil temperature and moisture, although it is argued that the effects on net N mineralisation were small in most sampling periods.

A Facial-Action Imposter: How Head Tilt Influences Perceptions of Dominance From a Neutral Face

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 893-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zachary Witkower ◽  
Jessica L. Tracy
Keyword(s):  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Head Tilt ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Facial Morphology ◽  
Social Judgments ◽  
Total N ◽  
Action Unit ◽  
Facial Action ◽  
Facial Musculature ◽  
The Face

Research on face perception tends to focus on facial morphology and the activation of facial muscles while ignoring any impact of head position. We raise questions about this approach by demonstrating that head movements can dramatically shift the appearance of the face to shape social judgments without engaging facial musculature. In five studies (total N = 1,517), we found that when eye gaze was directed forward, tilting one’s head downward (compared with a neutral angle) increased perceptions of dominance, and this effect was due to the illusory appearance of lowered and V-shaped eyebrows caused by a downward head tilt. Tilting one’s head downward therefore functions as an action-unit imposter, creating the artificial appearance of a facial action unit that has a strong effect on social perception. Social judgments about faces are therefore driven not only by facial shape and musculature but also by movements in the face’s physical foundation: the head.

In Generous Offers I Trust: The Effect of First-Offer Value on Economically Vulnerable Behaviors

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 644-653
Author(s):  
Martha Jeong ◽  
Julia A. Minson ◽  
Francesca Gino
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Negative Information ◽  
Experiment Study ◽  
Total N ◽  
Online Marketplace ◽  
The Face ◽  
First Offers

Negotiation scholarship espouses the importance of opening a bargaining situation with an aggressive offer, given the power of first offers to shape concessionary behavior and outcomes. In our research, we identified a surprising consequence to this common prescription. Through four studies in the field and laboratory (total N = 3,742), we explored how first-offer values affect the recipient’s perceptions of the offer-maker’s trustworthiness and, subsequently, the recipient’s behaviors. Specifically, we found that recipients of generous offers are more likely to make themselves economically vulnerable to their counterparts, exhibiting behaviors with potentially deleterious consequences, such as disclosing negative information. We observed this effect in an online marketplace (Study 1) and in an incentivized laboratory experiment (Study 3). We found that it is driven by the greater trust that generous first offers engender (Studies 2 and 3). These results persisted in the face of debiasing attempts and were surprising to lay negotiators (Studies 3 and 4).

scholarly journals Hubungan antara Perilaku Prososial dengan Psychological Well-Being pada Remaja

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Megawati ◽  
Yohanes Kartika Herdiyanto
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Reliability Coefficient ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Psychological Well Being ◽  
Positive Behaviors ◽  
Simple Regression Analysis

Psychological well-being is a life that goes well, and is a combination of feeling good and functioning themselves effectively (Huppert, 2009). Humans in every age group would want to achieve psychological well-being during their lifetime, as well as adolescencts. Adolescencts can achieve psychological well-being when they are actively develop positive behaviors during adolescence. One of the positive behavior that should be developed during adolescence is prosocial behavior. Prosocial behavior involve altruism, so that adolescencts who can show helping behavior and give positive consequences for others, are expected to help adolescencts feel good about themself. This study aimed to determine the correlational between prosocial behavior with psychological well-being in adolescent in the city of Denpasar.The sampling technique used in this study is cluster random sampling. Subjects of this research are 214 adolescents from age 15-17 years old (m=91, f=123). Researcher deploy two scales, the psychological well-being scale modified from the Scales of Psychological Well-Being (Ryff, 1995) consisted of 30 item with a reliability coefficient of 0,898 and prosocial behavior scale consisted of 68 item with a reliability coefficient of 0,958. The data obtained in this study were analyzed by simple regression analysis to examine correlational between prosocial behavior and psychological well-being.Regression analysis results t value 11,203 and P = 0,000 ( P < 0,05). It means prosocial behavior and psychological well-being are significantly and positively correlated, when prosocial behavior is high they will have a high score on psychological well-being too. Coefficient of determination equal to 0,372 indicates prosocial behavior contribution to psychological well-being is 37,2%, and 62,8% was contributed by other factors such as age, socioeconomic level, social relations and personality factors.Keywords: prosocial behavior, psychological well-being, adolescence.

Laboratory Analogue of Field Helping Behavior

1974 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 557-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Lerner ◽  
Phyllis Frank
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
White Male ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Laboratory Analogue ◽  
White College

Within the context of a balanced factorial design, white college students (40 males, 40 females) individually viewed a videotape of a black or white, male or female, financially needy “cohort” performing an alphanumeric substitution task, and were instructed to award money for performance, which was identical in all conditions. Female Ss awarded more money than male Ss, but males were given as much money as females, and blacks were given as much as whites. Results were compared to field studies of the relation of race and sex to helping behavior.

CROP UTILIZATION OF PLACED AND BROADCAST 15N-UREA FERTILIZER UNDER ZERO AND CONVENTIONAL TILLAGE

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 563-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. CARTER ◽  
D. A. RENNIE
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Conventional Tillage ◽  
Soil Disturbance ◽  
Zero Tillage ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Tillage Systems ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N

Growth chamber and field studies were conducted to assess the relative utilization of placed and broadcast 15N-urea by spring wheat. The field studies were conducted on zero and conventional (shallow) tillage systems, of 4-yr duration, located on Chernozemic soils at two locations in Saskatchewan. Placement below the seeding depth in comparison to broadcast application, generally reduced fertilizer N immobilization and increased fertilizer N uptake, recovery, and efficiency. Under moisture stress, placed applications were effective in enhancing dry matter yield and total N uptake. It is concluded that fertilizer N placement for these two contrasting tillage systems should be identical, thus some soil disturbance under zero tillage may be necessary to achieve optimum crop use of applied fertilizer N. The dominant N transformation processes and possible tillage induced differences, in regard to methods of N application, are discussed. Key words: Placed and broadcast N application, N efficiency, N utilization, 15N-urea, zero tillage, soil moisture

Potential for biological denitrification of fertilizer nitrogen in sugarcane soils

1996 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 67 ◽  
Author(s):  
KL Weier ◽  
CW McEwan ◽  
I Vallis ◽  
VR Catchpoole ◽  
RJ Myers
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Total N ◽  
Biological Denitrification ◽  
Sugarcane Crop ◽  
Ratoon Sugarcane ◽  
Red Earth ◽  
Crop Management Systems

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is being lost from sugarcane soils following application to the crop. This study was conducted to estimate the quantity of N being lost from the soil through biological denitrification and to determine the proportion of gaseous N being emitted either as N2O or as N2. Field studies were conducted on four different soils (humic gley, alluvial massive earth, red earth and gleyed podzolic), and on different crop management systems, by installing plastic (PVC) cylinders (23.5 cm diam., 25 cm long) in the soil to a depth of 20 cm beside the plant row in a ratoon sugarcane crop. 15N-labelled KNO3 was applied as a band across each cylinder to a depth of 2.5 cm at a rate of 160 kg N/ha. After rainfall or irrigation, the cylinders were capped for 3 h intervals and gas in the headspace sampled in the morning and afternoon, for up to 4 days. Denitrification losses from the humic gley ranged from 247 g N/ha.day for cultivated plots to 1673 g N/ha.day for no-till plots. Over the sampling period, this was equivalent to 3.2% and 19.7% of the N applied, respectively. Nitrous oxide accounted for 46% to 78% of the total N lost. For the alluvial, massive earth and the red earth and gleyed podzolic, losses over the sampling period ranged from 25 to 117 g N/h.day and represented <1% of the N applied. Recovery of 15N in the soil ranged from 67% at the first sampling on the red earth soil to 4.9% at the third sampling on the alluvial, massive earth soil. In a glasshouse study, intact soil cores (23.5 cm diam., 20 cm long), taken from the humic gley and the alluvial, massive earth, were waterlogged after band application of 15N-labelled KNO3 at a rate of 160 kg N/ha. Gas samples from the headspace were taken after 3 h, and then morning and afternoon for the next 14 days. Denitrification losses ranged from 13.2 to 38.6% of N applied with the majority of gaseous N loss occurring as N2. Total recoveries after 14 days, including the evolved gases, ranged from 68.7 to 88.2%. We conclude that denitrification is a major cause of fertilizer N loss from fine-textured soils, with nitrous oxide the major gaseous N product when soil nitrate concentrations are high.

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