scholarly journals Framing Psychology as a Discipline (1950–1999): A Large-Scale Term Co-Occurrence Analysis of Scientific Literature in Psychology

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Flis ◽  
Nees Jan van Eck
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Digital Humanities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
English Language ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Software Tool ◽  
Stable Structure ◽  
Structural Development ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
History Of

This study investigated the structure of psychological literature as represented by a corpus of 676,393 articles in the period from 1950 to 1999. The corpus was extracted from 1269 journals indexed by PsycINFO. The data in our analysis consists of the relevant terms mined from the titles and abstracts of all of the articles in the corpus. Based on the co-occurrences of these terms, we developed a series of chronological visualizations using a bibliometric software tool called VOSviewer. These visualizations produced a stable structure through the five decades under analysis, and this structure was analyzed as a data-mined proxy for the disciplinary formation of scientific psychology in the second part of the 20th century. Considering the stable structure uncovered by our term co-occurrence analysis and its visualization, we discuss it in the context of Lee Cronbach’s “two disciplines of scientific psychology” and conventional history of 20th century psychology’s disciplinary formation and history of methods. Our aim was to provide a comprehensive digital humanities perspective on the large-scale structural development of research in English-language psychology from 1950 to 1999.

Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon's Histoire naturelle in English, 1775–1815

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Loveland
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
English Language ◽  
Histoire Naturelle ◽  
English Translations ◽  
History Of ◽  
Anglophone World

Published in French to considerable acclaim between 1749 and 1767, the 15-volume opening sub-series of Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon's Histoire naturelle was first translated into English in near entirety in 1775–1776. Over the next 40 years, two further comprehensive English-language translations were prepared and published in four editions each. This paper describes the three major English translations of Buffon's Histoire naturelle and compares their coverage, order, style, accuracy and footnotes. Supplemented with information from reviews, advertisements and partial translations and adaptations, the history of the large-scale English-language translations of Histoire naturelle provides clues about Buffon's reception in the Anglophone world.

MOHAMMAD GHOLI MAJD, Resistance to the Shah: Landowners and the Ulama in Iran (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2000). Pp. 426. $49.95 cloth.

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-156
Author(s):  
Afshin Marashi
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Agrarian Sector ◽  
Look Back ◽  
History Of

If the history of the Middle East in the 20th century is a history of fundamental social changes and dislocations, then surely one important part of that story is the transformation that took place in the agrarian sector of many Middle Eastern societies. The politics of landownership and the projects of land reform in the 20th century were indeed among the most ambitious of the statist projects undertaken during what we can now look back on as the “age of modernization.” Like so many large-scale projects of social engineering, land reform in the Middle East captured the optimism and idealism of modernization while producing some of its most brutal and unforeseen consequences.

Samuel Greene

1976 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-314
Author(s):  
Alan M. Perlman
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Short History ◽  
Transformational Theory ◽  
Linguistic Description ◽  
History Of

Summary In his studies of the structure of the English language, Samuel Green, a 19th-century grammarian and educator, made extensive use of paraphrase as a descriptive device. This paper argues that in doing so, Greene anticipated some of the methods and concepts of early transformational theory — and even some of the transformations themselves. It first presents a short history of the concept “transformation”, then discusses the transformations in four of Greene’s works. Greene’s use of transformations follows plausibly from his view of language, as is shown by excerpts from the prefaces to his books. Greene’s status as a transformationalist is then reconsidered with reference to the characteristics of transformations as inferred in the early part of this paper. Comparisons with other 19th- and early 20th-century grammarians demonstrate that Greene was unusual in his concern for underlying meaning and in his use of process in linguistic description.

scholarly journals New Drugs on the Internet: The Case of Camfetamine

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Cinosi ◽  
Ornella Corazza ◽  
Rita Santacroce ◽  
Matteo Lupi ◽  
Tiziano Acciavatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
New Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Psychoactive Substances ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Introduction.The number of new psychoactive substances (NPS) advertised for sale online is constantly increasing and it has become a phenomenon of global concern. Among NPS, Camfetamine has been rediscovered as recreational drug in 2011. Very little information is still available in the scientific literature on its nature and potential health risks.Methods.Data in scientific literature were integrated with a multilingual qualitative assessment of a range of online resources over the period of 32 months (May 2011–January 2014).Results.N-Methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine (Camfetamine) may act as an indirect dopaminergic agonist in the central nervous system and may have mild-moderate opioid activity too. There are no current epidemiological data about recreational use of Camfetamine; our research shows that it is indeed used especially by individuals with a history of recreational polydrug misuse. It facilitates mental alertness, induces relaxation, and, unlike many other stimulants, seems not to be associated with severe physical effects. Valid causes for concern issued in our research may be Camfetamine intravenous or intramuscular administration as well as its use in conjunction with other psychoactive substances.Conclusions.It is here highlighted that more large-scale studies need to be carried out to confirm and better describe both the extent of Camfetamine misuse and possible psychotropic/adverse effects.

Trends in the frequency, extent, and severity of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern Canada

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 539-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Blais
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Forest Composition ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
History Of

The history of spruce budworm (Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.)) outbreaks for the past 200 to 300 years, for nine regions in eastern Canada, indicates that outbreaks have occurred more frequently in the 20th century than previously. Regionally, 21 outbreaks took place in the past 80 years compared with 9 in the preceding 100 years. Earlier infestations were restricted to specific regions, but in the 20th century they have coalesced and increased in size, the outbreaks of 1910, 1940, and 1970 having covered 10, 25, and 55 million ha respectively. Reasons for the increase in frequency, extent, and severity of outbreaks appear mostly attributable to changes caused by man, in the forest ecosystem. Clear-cutting of pulpwood stands, fire protection, and use of pesticides against budworm favor fir–spruce stands, rendering the forest more prone to budworm attack. The manner and degree to which each of these practices has altered forest composition is discussed. In the future, most of these practices are expected to continue and their effects could intensify, especially in regions of recent application. Other practices, including large-scale planting of white spruce, could further increase the susceptibility of forest stands. Forest management, aimed at reducing the occurrence of extensive fir–spruce stands, has been advocated as a long-term solution to the budworm problem. The implementation of this measure at a time when man's actions result in the proliferation of fir presents a most serious challenge to forest managers.

scholarly journals No Laughing Matter?A Short History of German Comedy

2007 ◽  
Vol I (2) ◽  
pp. 68-83
Author(s):  
Chris Ritchie ◽  
James Harris
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
German Language ◽  
Short History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hans Sachs

This article is the first stage of research for the book “No Laughing Matter: A Short History of German Comedy’ by Chris Ritchie and James Harris which will look at some key moments in German comedy, representations of Germans in English language comedy and ’and also take a look at the current Berlin comedy scene. It begins with an example of how the British, or particularly the English, represent the ‘comedy German’, and is followed by an overview of some key moments in the history of German comedy, in particular the work of Hans Sachs and the development of 20th century cabaret. The second section then looks at how the Germans view English comedy through an analysis of the sketch Dinner for One and Monty Python’s German-language episode. This article is the first stage of research for the book “No Laughing Matter: A Short History of German Comedy’ by Chris Ritchie and James Harris which will look at some key moments in German comedy, representations of Germans in English language comedy and ’and also take a look at the current Berlin comedy scene. It begins with an example of how the British, or particularly the English, represent the ‘comedy German’, and is followed by an overview of some key moments in the history of German comedy, in particular the work of Hans Sachs and the development of 20th century cabaret. The second section then looks at how the Germans view English comedy through an analysis of the sketch Dinner for One and Monty Python’s German-language episode.

Glossing in the Linguistic Survey of India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimée Lahaussois
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
History Of ◽  
One Step ◽  
Large Scale Survey

Summary In this article, I explore glossing practices in the period surrounding the publication of the Linguistic Survey of India (LSI), the large-scale survey of languages spoken on the Indian subcontinent at the turn of the 20th century, under the stewardship of George Abraham Grierson (1851–1941). After a brief discussion of the reasons that the LSI constitutes a useful corpus for studying glossing practices, I provide a detailed examination of the glossing practices used in the text specimens which accompany language descriptions in the LSI. I then contrast these practices with glossing in materials produced both prior to and subsequent to the LSI, in order to place the glossing practices established by Grierson within a historical context, thereby contributing a description of one step in the history of glossing of descriptive linguistic materials.

scholarly journals The History of the Soviet Arctic Development in the English-Language Historiography of the Late 20th and the Early 21st Centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-601
Author(s):  
Denis Anan'ev
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Arctic Region ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Arctic Region

In the modern context the Arctic region is considered to be an arena for fierce international competition. The need to address numerous political, economic, legal and environmental issues, connected with this region, compels to rethink the historical experience of its development. The history of the Arctic Zone development made by the Russian Federation (particularly the Soviet period) has been studied both by Russian and foreign scholars. This paper intends to analyze the contemporary English-language publications on this topic; as well as to determine their subject matter and to identify the key trends in the English-language historiography of the Soviet Arctic development. The study has found that the contemporary English-speaking researchers (P. Josephson, J. McCannon, P. Horensma) consider a wide range of issues related to the history of the Soviet Arctic. For instance, the scholars write about the conduct of scientific research, administrative reforms and economic development, as well as about environmental issues and problems of indigenous population of the region. The theme of clarifying the role of the Soviet Union in determination of international and legal status of the Arctic region has been emphasized in the literature studied (N. Fogelson, J. McCannon). In the context of the «cultural turn» in the late 20th-century historiography Western researchers (P. Horensma, J. McCannon) analyzed the role of ideology and propaganda in constructing «the Arctic myth», its significance for the Soviet mass culture. The access to the Russian archives and their availability allowed the modern Western scholars to conduct their researches there, that resulted in obtaining a more objective assessment of the real victories and failures in the development of the Soviet Arctic. Summarizing the historical experience of the Russian Arctic development in the late 20th century the majority of Western authors believe that only the full-scale international cooperation will make it possible to effectively address the problems of the region.

Revolution

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew L. Jockers
Keyword(s):  
Digital Libraries ◽  
Digital Humanities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Humanities Computing ◽  
Large Scale Data ◽  
Text Collections ◽  
History Of ◽  
Scale Data ◽  
The Way

This chapter discusses the enormous promise of computational approaches to the study of literature, with particular emphasis on digital humanities as an emerging field. By 2008 computers, with their capacity for number crunching and processing large-scale data sets, had revolutionized the way that scientific research is carried out. Now, the same elements that have had such an impact on the sciences are slowly and surely revolutionizing the way that research in the humanities gets done. This chapter considers the history of digital humanities, also known as humanities computing, community of practice, or field of study/theory/methodology, and how revolution in this emerging field is being catalyzed by big data. It also emphasizes the potential of literary computing and cites the existence of digital libraries and large electronic text collections as factors that are sparking the digital humanities revolution.

Metafiction and Contemporary Fiction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ezra Feldman
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Vladimir Nabokov ◽  
Role Playing ◽  
Process Philosophy ◽  
Narrative Discourse ◽  
Contemporary Fiction ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Role Playing Games ◽  
History Of

William Gass coined the term “metafiction” in 1970 to get a handle on then-recent and innovative fictions by Robert Coover, Donald Barthelme, and Vladimir Nabokov, among others. In the critical context of the early 21st century, however, the term should be understood to name any fiction exhibiting a concern with the process, philosophy, and consequences of fiction-making. The history of metafiction is longer than that of the English-language novel. Metafictions dating from the last decade of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st typically concern themselves with the situation of discourse: they portray their characters awash in language that is potent because its origins and effects are myriad. Such metafictions ask how, why, and from where literary or narrative discourse stages its arrival on the page. In contrast, the major innovations of postmodernist, mid-20th-century metafictions are rightly characterized by Brian McHale as “ontological”; they urgently question the nature of reality as their language transports authors, narrators, readers, and characters among the different existential frames of history and fiction, past and present, and textual and corporeal reality. As a result of this difference, there is a gap between metafictional practice of the late 20th and early 21st centuries and the work of metafiction’s most influential critics: Gass, Robert Scholes, Linda Hutcheon, and Patricia Waugh, all of whom studied the varieties of metafiction in the 1970s and 1980s. As contemporary metafictions attend to the situation of discourse, they dramatize how pieces of language move—not just across pages, but across plots, cultures, and philosophies. Various motives drive this contemporary interest in dramatizing how language moves and touches, including the influence of Deconstruction in the American academy. Deconstruction, like Marxist and psychoanalytic criticism, writes drama into the very making of meaning. Contemporary ideas and materials—from Twitter narratives to viral memes to massively multiplayer online role-playing games—have mobilized discourse in new ways and transformed many of the philosophical puzzles of mid-20th-century metafiction into aspects of lived reality. Contemporary metafiction, consequently, puts metafictional devices and concerns into a new relationship with representation (mimesis). The world has caught up with metafiction, if it ever really lagged behind, and new forms of metafiction are being developed now to activate metafiction’s older questions anew.

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