scholarly journals Child rearing through social interaction on Rossel Island, PNG

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Penelope Brown ◽  
Marisa Casillas
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Small Children ◽  
Child Socialization ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Parental Interviews ◽  
Beliefs And Attitudes

This paper describes childrearing practices, beliefs, and attitudes in a Papua New Guinea society - that of the Rossel Islanders - and shows, through analysis of interactions with infants and small children, how these are instantiated in everyday life. Drawing on data collected during research on Rossel Island spanning 14 years, including parental interviews, videotaped naturally-occurring interactions with babies and children, structured elicitations, and time sampling of activities involving children, we investigate the daily lives of Rossel children and consider how these influence their development of prosociality and their socialization into culturally shaped roles and characters. We relate the findings to other work on child socialization in small-scale societies, with special attention to the Tzeltal Maya of southern Mexico, and argue that detailed attention to the local socio-cultural contexts of childrearing is an important antidote to the tendency to emphasize universals of child development.

Local Elections and the Politics of Small-Scale Democracy

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eric Oliver ◽  
Shang E. Ha ◽  
Zachary Callen
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Local Governance ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Personal Connections ◽  
Community Ties

Local government is the hidden leviathan of American politics: it accounts for nearly a tenth of gross domestic product, it collects nearly as much in taxes as the federal government, and its decisions have an enormous impact on Americans' daily lives. Yet political scientists have few explanations for how people vote in local elections, particularly in the smaller cities, towns, and suburbs where most Americans live. Drawing on a wide variety of data sources and case studies, this book offers the first comprehensive analysis of electoral politics in America's municipalities. Arguing that current explanations of voting behavior are ill suited for most local contests, the book puts forward a new theory that highlights the crucial differences between local, state, and national democracies. Being small in size, limited in power, and largely unbiased in distributing their resources, local governments are “managerial democracies” with a distinct style of electoral politics. Instead of hinging on the partisanship, ideology, and group appeals that define national and state elections, local elections are based on the custodial performance of civic-oriented leaders and on their personal connections to voters with similarly deep community ties. Explaining not only the dynamics of local elections, Oliver's findings also upend many long-held assumptions about community power and local governance, including the importance of voter turnout and the possibilities for grassroots political change.

Addressing small-scale forestry informal markets through forest policy revision: A case study in Papua New Guinea

2019 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 104109
Author(s):  
Micah G. Scudder ◽  
Jack Baynes ◽  
Grahame Applegate ◽  
John Herbohn
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Forest Policy ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Informal Markets

Monitoring of small rock pools reveals differential effects of chronic anthropogenic disturbance on birds and mammals in the Calakmul region, southern Mexico

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Carlos M. Delgado-Martínez ◽  
Fredy Alvarado ◽  
Melanie Kolb ◽  
Eduardo Mendoza
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbance ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Bird Diversity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Rock Pools ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Wildlife Species ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Great attention has been drawn to the impacts of habitat deforestation and fragmentation on wildlife species richness. In contrast, much less attention has been paid to assessing the impacts of chronic anthropogenic disturbance on wildlife species composition and behaviour. We focused on natural small rock pools (sartenejas), which concentrate vertebrate activity due to habitat’s water limitation, to assess the impact of chronic anthropogenic disturbance on the species richness, diversity, composition, and behaviour of medium and large-sized birds and mammals in the highly biodiverse forests of Calakmul, southern Mexico. Camera trapping records of fauna using sartenejas within and outside the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve (CBR) showed that there were no effects on species richness, but contrasts emerged when comparing species diversity, composition, and behaviour. These effects differed between birds and mammals and between species: (1) bird diversity was greater outside the CBR, but mammal diversity was greater within and (2) the daily activity patterns of birds differed slightly within and outside the CBR but strongly contrasted in mammals. Our study highlights that even in areas supporting extensive forest cover, small-scale chronic anthropogenic disturbances can have pervasive negative effects on wildlife and that these effects contrast between animal groups.

scholarly journals First Report of a Phytoplasma-Associated Leaf Yellowing Syndrome of Palma Jipi Plants in Southern México

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (7) ◽  
pp. 807-807 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Cordova ◽  
C. Oropeza ◽  
H. Almeyda ◽  
N. A. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Nuevo Leon ◽  
Fort Lauderdale ◽  
Nuevo León ◽  
Lethal Yellowing

The palm-like monocot Palma Jipi (Carludovica palmata, Cyclanthaceae), from which Panama hats are traditionally made, is important to the rural economy of southern Mexico and other Latin American countries. A lethal decline of C. palmata plants was first recognized by farmers at Kalkini in the state of Campeche, Mexico, during 1994. Characterized by a progressive yellowing of successively younger leaves, affected plants died within a few weeks after the onset of this primary symptom. Annual losses estimated at 10% of the naturalized C. palmata population have since occurred in the vicinity of Kalkini, an area in which coconut lethal yellowing (LY) disease is also prevalent. The close proximity and superficially similar symptomatology of these two diseases suggested that both might share a common etiology. DNA samples were obtained from five diseased and five healthy C. palmata plants by small scale extraction of immature leaf bases and assessed for phytoplasma DNA by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at laboratories in Mérida, INIFAP/Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Nuevo León) and the University of Florida (Fort Lauderdale). Samples from symptomatic plants consistently tested positive by PCR employing universal rRNA primers (P1/P7), which amplify a 1.8-kb phytoplasma rDNA product (4), and negative when LY-specific primers LYF1/LYR1 (1) or MMF/MMR (3) were used. No PCR products were evident when DNAs of symptomless plants were evaluated with these primer combinations. Fragment patterns resolved by 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rDNA digested separately with either AluI, BamHI, BstUI, DdeI, DraI, EcoRI, HaeIII, HhaI, HinfI, MspI, RsaI, Sau3AI, TaqI, or Tru9I endonucleases revealed no differences between phytoplasma isolates associated with five C. palmata plants. Collectively, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns generated with key enzymes AluI, BamHI, DraI, and HaeIII clearly differentiated the C. palmata yellows (CPY) phytoplasma from LY and other known phytoplasmas previously characterized by this means (2). A sequence homology of 99.21% between 16S rDNA of CPY (1,537 bp; GenBank accession, AF237615) and LY (1,524 bp; accession, U18747) indicated that these strains were very similar. This relationship was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequence, which placed both strains into the same phytoplasma subclade. References: (1) N. A. Harrison et al. Plant Pathol. 43:998, 1994. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (3) J. P. Martínez-Soriano et al. Rev. Mex. Fitopat. 12:75, 1994. (4) C. D. Smart et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 2988, 1996.

Agency and impoliteness in Korean online interactions

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-259
Author(s):  
Ariel Kim ◽  
Lucien Brown
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Social Meanings

Abstract (Im)politeness research has often focused either on the importance of social norms or on the intentions of the speaker, with the active role of the listener in assigning social meanings overlooked. This limitation particularly applies to so-called “discernment languages” such as Korean and Japanese. The current paper addresses this gap by offering a small-scale qualitative study of recipient agency in Korean naturally occurring computer-mediated communication (CMC). The data analyzed includes 14 text messages between the recipient (the proprietor of an online food business) and his customer, which were posted on a blog that he owned and operated. We focus on how the recipient agentively evaluates the language usage of the customer, including inconsistent evaluations of her use of non-honorific language, or panmal. The results suggest that the instability of (im)politeness interpretations cannot be explained solely by social norms or intentions but should also include the socially-mediated agency of the recipient.

Exclusive adjoining ranges in individually identified minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in Washington state

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 174-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleanor M. Dorsey
Keyword(s):  
Washington State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
Balaenoptera Acutorostrata ◽  
Marine Waters ◽  
Baleen Whales ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Minke Whales ◽  
Free Ranging

Free-ranging minke whales in the inland marine waters of Washington, U.S.A., were found to be individually identifiable from photographs of naturally occurring distinctive features. Sixteen individuals were recognized and observed from small boats 66 times over 3.5 months in 1980, and four of these whales were also recognized from photographs taken in 1977 and 1978. Three exclusive adjoining ranges were found in about 600 km2, each one shared by up to at least seven minke whales, with only two instances of crossover between areas in 70 sightings. Feeding was observed in all three areas, and the whales within each area appeared most of the time to be acting independently of one another. No calves were seen, and no overt acts of territorial defense were observed. This is the first known report in baleen whales of nonoverlapping ranges on a very small scale.

scholarly journals Separation and characterization of pentacarboxylic porphyrinogen isomers by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

1987 ◽  
Vol 243 (2) ◽  
pp. 621-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
F Li ◽  
C K Lim ◽  
T J Peters
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Electrochemical Detection ◽  
High Performance ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Preparative Isolation ◽  
Naturally Occurring

A reversed-phase h.p.l.c. system is described for the separation of all five naturally occurring pentacarboxylic porphyrinogen isomers. The compounds are detected electrochemically with high sensitivity. The peaks are positively identified by h.p.l.c. analysis of the pentacarboxylic porphyrinogens from reduction of pentacarboxylic porphyrins prepared by partial decarboxylation of hexa- and hepta-carboxylic porphyrin III of known structures. The resolution of pentacarboxylic porphyrinogens is superior to that of the porphyrins and the method is applicable to the small-scale preparative isolation of pure isomers.

scholarly journals Neuroevolutionary Control for Autonomous Soaring

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 267
Author(s):  
Eric J. Kim ◽  
Ruben E. Perez
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Biologically Inspired ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Autonomous Soaring

The energy efficiency and flight endurance of small unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs) can be improved through the implementation of autonomous soaring strategies. Biologically inspired flight techniques such as dynamic and thermal soaring offer significant energy savings through the exploitation of naturally occurring wind phenomena for thrustless flight. Recent interest in the application of artificial intelligence algorithms for autonomous soaring has been motivated by the pursuit of instilling generalized behavior in control systems, centered around the use of neural networks. However, the topology of such networks is usually predetermined, restricting the search space of potential solutions, while often resulting in complex neural networks that can pose implementation challenges for the limited hardware onboard small-scale autonomous vehicles. In exploring a novel method of generating neurocontrollers, this paper presents a neural network-based soaring strategy to extend flight times and advance the potential operational capability of SUAVs. In this study, the Neuroevolution of Augmenting Topologies (NEAT) algorithm is used to train efficient and effective neurocontrollers that can control a simulated aircraft along sustained dynamic and thermal soaring trajectories. The proposed approach evolves interpretable neural networks in a way that preserves simplicity while maximizing performance without requiring extensive training datasets. As a result, the combined trajectory planning and aircraft control strategy is suitable for real-time implementation on SUAV platforms.

Aflatoxin Content of Single Peanut Kernels in Commercial Lots and in Kernels Artificially Infected with Aspergillus parasiticus

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBIN Y.-Y. CHIOU ◽  
H.-H. TSAO
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Efficient Recovery ◽  
Individual Kernel

During peanut processing, further removal of aflatoxin-contaminated kernels from electronically sorted and unblanched commercial lots was achieved by color sorting of the kernels after light roasting and deskinning. A modified procedure for efficient recovery of aflatoxin from an individual kernel in a small-scale system was applied for analysis of discolored kernels sampled over 3 consecutive years in Taiwan. The highest and average aflatoxin contents in 60 kernels sampled each year were 1,930 and 150 ppb in 1994,4,040 and 160 ppb in 1995, and 410 and 32 ppb in 1996, respectively. In 1994, 1995, and 1996, 66.7, 85.0 and 61.7%, respectively, of the kernels tested contained aflatoxins; 16.7, 13.3, and 6.7% contained 50 to 100 ppb and 16.7, 15.0, and 10.0% contained more than 100 ppb. Enhanced aflatoxigenic mold infection and aflatoxin production were monitored in peanut kernels artificially inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus at various inoculum concentrations and incubated under 100% relative humidity at 28°C or at ambient temperature for various periods. In all cases, aflatoxin content deviated tremendously from kernel to kernel. The highest aflatoxin content observed in a single kernel was 945,000 ppb. In uninoculated kernels incubated in the same conditions, the growth of naturally occurring mycoflora was observed; the highest aflatoxin content was 5,190 ppb.

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