Aflatoxin Content of Single Peanut Kernels in Commercial Lots and in Kernels Artificially Infected with Aspergillus parasiticus

1997 ◽  
Vol 60 (7) ◽  
pp. 843-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBIN Y.-Y. CHIOU ◽  
H.-H. TSAO
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Aflatoxin Content ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Efficient Recovery ◽  
Individual Kernel

During peanut processing, further removal of aflatoxin-contaminated kernels from electronically sorted and unblanched commercial lots was achieved by color sorting of the kernels after light roasting and deskinning. A modified procedure for efficient recovery of aflatoxin from an individual kernel in a small-scale system was applied for analysis of discolored kernels sampled over 3 consecutive years in Taiwan. The highest and average aflatoxin contents in 60 kernels sampled each year were 1,930 and 150 ppb in 1994,4,040 and 160 ppb in 1995, and 410 and 32 ppb in 1996, respectively. In 1994, 1995, and 1996, 66.7, 85.0 and 61.7%, respectively, of the kernels tested contained aflatoxins; 16.7, 13.3, and 6.7% contained 50 to 100 ppb and 16.7, 15.0, and 10.0% contained more than 100 ppb. Enhanced aflatoxigenic mold infection and aflatoxin production were monitored in peanut kernels artificially inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus at various inoculum concentrations and incubated under 100% relative humidity at 28°C or at ambient temperature for various periods. In all cases, aflatoxin content deviated tremendously from kernel to kernel. The highest aflatoxin content observed in a single kernel was 945,000 ppb. In uninoculated kernels incubated in the same conditions, the growth of naturally occurring mycoflora was observed; the highest aflatoxin content was 5,190 ppb.

Hygroscopic Characteristics of Peanut Components and Their Influence on Growth and Aflatoxin Production by Aspergillus parasiticus

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 791-794 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Y.-Y. CHIOU ◽  
P. E. KOEHLER ◽  
L. R. BEUCHAT
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Visible Growth ◽  
Atmospheric Relative Humidity ◽  
Time Required

Sound inshell runner-type peanuts, manually damaged inshell peanuts, shells, sound kernels, deskinned kernels and skins were stored in separate flasks under an atmospheric relative humidity of 100% at 28°C. After 5 d, water was adsorbed at levels of 1.2, 1.7, 3.9, 0.9, 1.0 and 9.5 g/100 g dry material, respectively. Surface disinfected components were inoculated with conidiospores of Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and incubated under the same conditions. The time required for visible growth of the fungus was 8, 6, 4, 12, 10 and 3 d, respectively. The time for appearance of the conidiospores was 14, 10, 6, 16, 13 and 6 d. After a 3-wk incubation period, aflatoxin levels in peanut components were 111.4, 159.1, 4.4, 58.7, 99.0 and 1.5 μg/g, respectively.

CATFISH DRYING (Clarias Batraclus) USING ‘TEKO BERSAYAP’ SOLAR DRYER

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Yuwana Yuwana
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Drying Rate ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Drying Time ◽  
Ambient Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Dryer

Experiment on catfish drying employing ‘Teko Bersayap’ solar dryer was conducted. The result of the experiment indicated that the dryer was able to increase ambient temperature up to 44% and decrease ambient relative humidity up to 103%. Fish drying process followed equations : KAu = 74,94 e-0,03t for unsplitted fish and KAb = 79,25 e-0,09t for splitted fish, where KAu = moisture content of unsplitted fish (%), KAb = moisture content of splitted fish (%), t = drying time. Drying of unsplitted fish finished in 43.995 hours while drying of split fish completed in 15.29 hours. Splitting the fish increased 2,877 times drying rate.

Production of Aflatoxin in Cocoa Beans

1979 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1076-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence M Lenovich ◽  
W Jeffrey Hurst
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Substrate Variation

Abstract Aflatoxin was produced in both non-autoclaved and autoclaved Ivory Coast cocoa beans inoculated with Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 under optimum laboratory growth conditions. Total aflatoxin levels ranged from 213 to 5597 ng/g substrate. Aflatoxin was quantitated by using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Raw, non-autoclaved cocoa beans, also inoculated with aspergilli, produced 6359 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. Variation in aflatoxin production between bean varieties was observed. Total aflatoxin levels of 10,446 and 23,076 ng/g substrate were obtained on Ivory Coast beans inoculated with A. parasiticus NRRL 2999 and NRRL 3240, respectively. Aflatoxin production on Trinidad and Malaysian beans was 28 and 65 ng aflatoxin/g substrate. These data support previously reported low level natural aflatoxin contamination in cocoa.

scholarly journals A novel mouse model of heatstroke accounting for ambient temperature and relative humidity

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuyuki Miyamoto ◽  
Keisuke Suzuki ◽  
Hirokazu Ohtaki ◽  
Motoyasu Nakamura ◽  
Hiroki Yamaga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Core Body ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Treatment Water

Abstract Background Heatstroke is associated with exposure to high ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH), and an increased risk of organ damage or death. Previously proposed animal models of heatstroke disregard the impact of RH. Therefore, we aimed to establish and validate an animal model of heatstroke considering RH. To validate our model, we also examined the effect of hydration and investigated gene expression of cotransporter proteins in the intestinal membranes after heat exposure. Methods Mildly dehydrated adult male C57/BL6J mice were subjected to three AT conditions (37 °C, 41 °C, or 43 °C) at RH > 99% and monitored with WetBulb globe temperature (WBGT) for 1 h. The survival rate, body weight, core body temperature, blood parameters, and histologically confirmed tissue damage were evaluated to establish a mouse heatstroke model. Then, the mice received no treatment, water, or oral rehydration solution (ORS) before and after heat exposure; subsequent organ damage was compared using our model. Thereafter, we investigated cotransporter protein gene expressions in the intestinal membranes of mice that received no treatment, water, or ORS. Results The survival rates of mice exposed to ATs of 37 °C, 41 °C, and 43 °C were 100%, 83.3%, and 0%, respectively. From this result, we excluded AT43. Mice in the AT 41 °C group appeared to be more dehydrated than those in the AT 37 °C group. WBGT in the AT 41 °C group was > 44 °C; core body temperature in this group reached 41.3 ± 0.08 °C during heat exposure and decreased to 34.0 ± 0.18 °C, returning to baseline after 8 h which showed a biphasic thermal dysregulation response. The AT 41 °C group presented with greater hepatic, renal, and musculoskeletal damage than did the other groups. The impact of ORS on recovery was greater than that of water or no treatment. The administration of ORS with heat exposure increased cotransporter gene expression in the intestines and reduced heatstroke-related damage. Conclusions We developed a novel mouse heatstroke model that considered AT and RH. We found that ORS administration improved inadequate circulation and reduced tissue injury by increasing cotransporter gene expression in the intestines.

Antioxidant enzymes stimulation in Aspergillus parasiticus by Lentinula edodes inhibits aflatoxin production

2005 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Reverberi ◽  
A. A. Fabbri ◽  
S. Zjalic ◽  
A. Ricelli ◽  
F. Punelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Lentinula Edodes ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production

Extracts of Agave americana inhibit aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rosas-Taraco ◽  
E. Sanchez ◽  
S. García ◽  
N. Heredia ◽  
D. Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Aflatoxin Production ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Total Aflatoxin ◽  
Toxigenic Fungi ◽  
Agave Americana ◽  
Acid Accumulation ◽  
Norsolorinic Acid

Toxigenic fungi invade crops prior to harvest as well as during storage and produce harmful, even carcinogenic toxins such as aflatoxins. Since consumers demand safe commodities, and due to enhanced public awareness of the dangers of many synthetic fungicides, the importance of investigating alternative, natural products to control these toxigenic fungi is clear. This study investigated the effect of aqueous extracts of Agave americana on growth, conidia and aflatoxin production. Aspergillus parasiticus strains SRRC 148, SRRC 143 (Su-1), and A. parasiticus SRRC 162, a mutant (nor-) that accumulates norsolorinic acid (NOR, an orange-coloured intermediate of the aflatoxin pathway), were first inoculated into Adye and Mateles liquid medium, then plant extracts were added, and incubated at 28 °C for 7 days. Aflatoxin and norsolorinic acid were assayed by HPLC and spectrophotometry, respectively. While the extract of A. americana stimulated growth of the studied fungi, conidiogenesis, norsolorinic acid accumulation (in the nor- mutant), and aflatoxin production were significantly affected. The reduction was produced by the extracts at concentrations higher than 5-10 mg/ml, where all types of total aflatoxin analysed (aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2) were reduced from 64% to >99% in the whole culture, and a reduction of 75% of norsolorinic acid. The results of the present work indicate that extracts of A. americana may be promising safe alternatives to harmful fungicides for controlling aflatoxin contamination.

Heat balance, haematology and serum chemistry of layers under varying stocking density reared in locally fabricated metal-type cage system

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-103
Author(s):  
K. O. Bello ◽  
A. E. Adiatu ◽  
M. O. Osunlakin ◽  
O. O. Oni
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Balance ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Fabricated Metal ◽  
Cage System ◽  
Chemical Measurements ◽  
Metal Type

One hundred and thirty five 18weeks old Bovans Nera Black strain pullets were used in a 10week study to determine their heat balance and blood profile under varying stocking density in locally fabricated metal-type cage system. The cages were stocked 2, 3 and 4birds/cell. Daily ambient temperature and relative humidity of the cage and rectal temperature of the birds were taken and heat balance calculated. Record of Packed cell volume (PCV), Haemoglobin concentration (Hb), Red blood cell (RBC), White blood count (WBC) and differential of the birds were taken at beginning and end of the study for the haematological indices while blood glucose, total protein, Albumin and blood urea were taken for the bio-chemical measurements. Ambient temperature, relative humidity, and heat balance showed no significant (P>0.05) difference with cage stocking density. Cage stocking density had significant (P<0.05) effect on rectal temperature of layers. Bird stocked 3/cell recorded the least (41.14oC) rectal temperature while those stocked 4/cell recorded the highest (41.27oC). All the haematological parameters of the birds were not significantly (P>0.05) influenced by stocking density of the cage type. Bio-chemical measurements were not significantly (P>0.05) different among layers under varying stocking density of the cage except total protein (P<0.05). Layers stocked 4/cell recorded highest (5.22g/dl) total protein while those stocked 3/cell had the least value (4.37g/dl). However, the values were within the normal range recommended for healthy chicken. The study concluded that locally fabricated metal-type battery cage could be used to rear layers and stocking density of 3birds/cell is ideal without compromising the welfare of the birds.

Effect of selected inhibitors on growth, pigmentation, and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus

1986 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raul Valcarcel ◽  
J. W. Bennett ◽  
Joanne Vitanza
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Aflatoxin Production
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document