scholarly journals Parallel developmental changes in children's drawing and recognition of visual concepts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bria Long ◽  
Judith Fan ◽  
Renata Chai ◽  
Michael C. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
External Representations ◽  
Visual Concept ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Children's Museum ◽  
Visual Concepts ◽  
Age Range

To what extent do visual concepts of dogs, cars, and clocks change across childhood? We hypothesized that as children progressively learn which features best distinguish visual concepts from one another, they also improve their ability to connect this knowledge with external representations. To examine this possibility, we investigated developmental changes in children's ability to produce and recognize drawings of common object categories. First, we recruited children aged 2-10 years to produce drawings of 48 categories via a free-standing kiosk in a children's museum, and we measured how recognizable these >37K drawings were using a deep convolutional neural network model of object recognition. Second, we recruited other children across the same age range to identify the drawn category in a subset of these drawings via "guessing games" at the same kiosk.We found consistent developmental gains in both children's ability to include diagnostic visual features in their drawings and in children's ability to use these features when recognizing other children's drawings. Our results suggest that children's ability to connect internal and external representations of visual concepts improves gradually across childhood and imply that developmental trajectories of visual concept learning may be more protracted than previously thought.

scholarly journals Developmental changes in the ability to draw distinctive features of object categories

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bria Long ◽  
Judith Fan ◽  
Zixian Chai ◽  
Michael C. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Feature Space ◽  
Visuomotor Control ◽  
Feature Representation ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Object Categories ◽  
Complex Shapes ◽  
Children's Museum ◽  
High Level

How do children's visual concepts change across childhood, and how might these changes be reflected in their drawings? Here we investigate developmental changes in children’s ability to emphasize the relevant visual distinctions between object categories in their drawings. We collected over 13K drawings from children aged 2-10 years via a free-standing drawing station in a children's museum. We hypothesized that older children would produce more recognizable drawings, and that this gain in recognizability would not be entirely explained by concurrent development in visuomotor control. To measure recognizability, we applied a pretrained deep convolutional neural network model to extract a high-level feature representation of all drawings, and then trained a multi-way linear classifier on these features. To measure visuomotor control, we developed an automated procedure to measure their ability to accurately trace complex shapes. We found consistent gains in the recognizability of drawings across ages that were not fully explained by children's ability to accurately trace complex shapes. Furthermore, these gains were accompanied by an increase in how distinct different object categories were in feature space. Overall, these results demonstrate that children's drawings include more distinctive visual features as they grow older.

scholarly journals Computational reconstruction of mental representations using human behavior

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Caplette ◽  
Nicholas Turk-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Semantic Space ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Semantic Mapping ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Visual Concept ◽  
Visual Concepts ◽  
Computational Reconstruction ◽  
High Level

Revealing the contents of mental representations is a longstanding goal of cognitive science. However, there is currently no general framework for providing direct access to representations of high-level visual concepts. We asked participants to indicate what they perceived in images synthesized from random visual features in a deep neural network. We then inferred a mapping between the semantic features of their responses and the visual features of the images. This allowed us to reconstruct the mental representation of virtually any common visual concept, both those reported and others extrapolated from the same semantic space. We successfully validated 270 of these reconstructions as containing the target concept in a separate group of participants. The visual-semantic mapping uncovered with our method further generalized to new stimuli, participants, and tasks. Finally, it allowed us to reveal how the representations of individual observers differ from each other and from those of neural networks.

Emotion regulation from early adolescence to emerging adulthood and middle adulthood

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Zimmermann ◽  
Alexandra Iwanski
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Early Adolescence ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Middle Adulthood ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategies ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Emotion Regulation Strategy ◽  
Regulation Strategies ◽  
Age Range

Despite the growing research on emotion regulation, the empirical evidence for normative age-related emotion regulation patterns is rather divergent. From a life-span perspective, normative age changes in emotion regulation may be more salient applying the same methodological approach on a broad age range examining both growth and decline during development. In addition, emotion-specific developmental patterns might show differential developmental trends. The present study examined age differences in seven emotion regulation strategies from early adolescence (age 11) to middle adulthood (age 50) for the three emotions of sadness, fear, and anger. The results showed specific developmental changes in the use of emotion regulation strategies for each of the three emotions. In addition, results suggest age-specific increases and decreases in many emotion regulation strategies, with a general trend to increasing adaptive emotion regulation. Specifically, middle adolescence shows the smallest emotion regulation strategy repertoire. Gender differences appeared for most emotion regulation strategies. The findings suggest that the development of emotion regulation should be studied in an emotion-specific manner, as a perspective solely on general emotion regulation either under- or overestimates existing emotion-specific developmental changes.

Developmental Patterns of Conceptual Styles

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-649
Author(s):  
W. E. Penk
Keyword(s):  
Relative Efficiency ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Cognitive Measures ◽  
Developmental Patterns ◽  
Conceptual Behavior ◽  
The Many ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Continuity And Discontinuity

Two differing interpretations of maturation in children's conceptual behavior—continuity and discontinuity—were compared for their relative efficiency in predicting, among the same children, developmental changes in two sets of cognitive measures expected to demonstrate either continuity- or discontinuity-like growth patterns. Five groups of Ss ( N = 100), 7- to 11-yr.-old, were selected from an age range during which major cognitive shifts were hypothesized by theorists of the discontinuity persuasion. Growth patterns of 48 conceptual style measures were analyzed by trend analyses. Neither the discontinuity nor the continuity mode of interpretation alone accounted for the many types of growth patterns empirically established. A rationally derived system for classifying types of developmental trends was proposed and devised, based on multicriterial analyses of three basic components determining curve forms (i.e., predominance, directionality, and rate of change).

scholarly journals Mouse Age Matters: How Age Affects the Murine Plasma Metabolome

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 472
Author(s):  
Patrick Pann ◽  
Martin Hrabě de Angelis ◽  
Cornelia Prehn ◽  
Jerzy Adamski
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Mouse Strains ◽  
Targeted Metabolomics ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Plasma Metabolome ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Age Range

A large part of metabolomics research relies on experiments involving mouse models, which are usually 6 to 20 weeks of age. However, in this age range mice undergo dramatic developmental changes. Even small age differences may lead to different metabolomes, which in turn could increase inter-sample variability and impair the reproducibility and comparability of metabolomics results. In order to learn more about the variability of the murine plasma metabolome, we analyzed male and female C57BL/6J, C57BL/6NTac, 129S1/SvImJ, and C3HeB/FeJ mice at 6, 10, 14, and 20 weeks of age, using targeted metabolomics (BIOCRATES AbsoluteIDQ™ p150 Kit). Our analysis revealed high variability of the murine plasma metabolome during adolescence and early adulthood. A general age range with minimal variability, and thus a stable metabolome, could not be identified. Age-related metabolomic changes as well as the metabolite profiles at specific ages differed markedly between mouse strains. This observation illustrates the fact that the developmental timing in mice is strain specific. We therefore stress the importance of deliberate strain choice, as well as consistency and precise documentation of animal age, in metabolomics studies.

scholarly journals Stimulus features that elicit activity in object-vector cells

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sebastian O Andersson ◽  
Edvard I Moser ◽  
May-Britt Moser
Keyword(s):  
Natural World ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Visual Feature ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Medial Entorhinal Cortex ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
3D Objects ◽  
Visual Contrast ◽  
Stimulus Features

Object-vector (OV) cells are cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) that track an animal's distance and direction to objects in the environment. Their firing fields are defined by vectorial relationships to free-standing 3-dimensional (3D) objects of a variety of identities and shapes. However, the natural world contains a panorama of objects, ranging from discrete 3D items to flat two-dimensional (2D) surfaces, and it remains unclear what are the most fundamental features of objects that drive vectorial responses. Here we address this question by systematically changing features of experimental objects. Using an algorithm that robustly identifies OV firing fields, we show that the cells respond to a variety of 2D surfaces, with visual contrast as the most basic visual feature to elicit neural responses. The findings suggest that OV cells use plain visual features as vectorial anchoring points, allowing vector-guided navigation to proceed in environments with few free-standing landmarks.

scholarly journals Abnormal development of cerebellar-striatal circuitry in Huntington disease

Neurology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 94 (18) ◽  
pp. e1908-e1915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander V. Tereshchenko ◽  
Jordan L. Schultz ◽  
Joel E. Bruss ◽  
Vincent A. Magnotta ◽  
Eric A. Epping ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Mri ◽  
Huntington Disease ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Functional Connections ◽  
Input Signals ◽  
History Of ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Over Time

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that the trajectory of functional connections over time of the striatum and the cerebellum differs between presymptomatic patients with the Huntington disease (HD) gene expansion (GE) and patients with a family history of HD but without the GE (GNE), we evaluated functional MRI data from the Kids-HD study.MethodsWe utilized resting-state, functional MRI data from participants in the Kids-HD study between 6 and 18 years old. Participants were divided into GE (CAG 36–59) and GNE (CAG <36) groups. Seed-to-seed correlations were calculated among 4 regions that provide input signals to the anterior cerebellum: (1) dorsocaudal putamen, (2) globus pallidus externa, (3) subthalamic nucleus, and (4) pontine nuclei; and 2 regions that represented output from the cerebellum: the dentate nucleus to the (1) ventrolateral thalamus and (2) dorsocaudal putamen. Linear mixed effects regression models evaluated differences in developmental trajectories of these connections over time between groups.ResultsFour of the six striatal–cerebellum correlations showed significantly different trajectories between groups. All showed a pattern where in the early age ranges (6–12 years) there was hyperconnectivity in the GE compared to the GNE, with those trajectories showing linear decline in the latter half of the age range.ConclusionThese results parallel previous findings showing striatal hypertrophy in children with GE as early as age 6. These findings support the notion of developmentally higher connectivity between the striatum and cerebellum early in the life of the child with HD GE, possibly setting the stage for cerebellar compensatory mechanisms.

Childhood family factors predict developmental trajectories of hostility and anger: a prospective study from childhood into middle adulthood

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2417-2426 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hakulinen ◽  
M. Jokela ◽  
M. Hintsanen ◽  
L. Pulkki-Råback ◽  
T. Hintsa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Family Environment ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Child Rearing ◽  
Middle Adulthood ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Age Range

BackgroundLow socio-economic status (SES), and a conflictive, cold and unsupportive family environment in childhood have been associated with early adulthood hostility. However, it is unknown whether this association changes in magnitude with age from childhood to adulthood. We investigated whether childhood family factors (SES and parental child-rearing style) predicted differential development of offspring hostility and anger from early to middle adulthood.MethodBetween 2041 and 2316 participants (age range 3–18 years at baseline) were selected from the longitudinal Young Finns study. The participants were followed for 27 years between 1980 and 2007. Childhood SES and parent's self-reported child-rearing style were measured twice: at baseline and 3 years after baseline. Hostility and anger were assessed with self-report questionnaires at 12, 17, 21 and 27 years after baseline.ResultsLow parental SES and hostile child-rearing style at baseline predicted higher mean levels of offspring anger and hostility. Low parental SES and one of the hostile child-rearing style components (strict disciplinary style) became more strongly associated with offspring hostility with age, suggesting an accumulating effect.ConclusionsChildhood family factors predict the development of hostility and anger over 27 years and some of these family factors have a long-term accumulating effect on the development of hostility.

scholarly journals Beyond the Words: Comparing Interpersonal Engagement Between Maternal and Paternal Infant-Directed Speech Acts

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theano Kokkinaki ◽  
Vassilis G. S. Vasdekis
Keyword(s):  
Speech Acts ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Age Difference ◽  
Mothers And Fathers ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Interpersonal Engagement ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Preverbal Infants ◽  
The Way

The present study investigates the way infants express their emotions in relation to parental feelings between maternal and paternal questions and direct requests. We therefore compared interpersonal engagement accompanying parental questions and direct requests between infant–mother and infant–father interactions. We video-recorded spontaneous communication between 11 infant–mother and 11 infant–father dyads—from the 2nd to the 6th month—in their home. The main results of this study are summarized as follows: (a) there are similarities in the way preverbal infants use their affections in spontaneous interactions with their mothers and fathers to express signs of sensitivity in sharing knowledge through questions and direct requests; and (b) the developmental trajectories of face-to-face emotional coordination in the course of parental questions descend in a similar way for both parents across the age range of this study. Regarding the developmental trajectories of emotional non-coordination, there is evidence of a linear trend in terms of age difference between the parents’ gender with fathers showing the steeper slope. The results are discussed in relation to the theory of intersubjectivity.

scholarly journals Mutualistic Coupling Between Vocabulary and Reasoning Supports Cognitive Development During Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1419-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rogier A. Kievit ◽  
Ulman Lindenberger ◽  
Ian M. Goodyer ◽  
Peter B. Jones ◽  
Peter Fonagy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Development ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Change Score ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Investment Theory ◽  
Mutualism Model ◽  
Matrix Reasoning ◽  
Age Range

One of the most replicable findings in psychology is the positive manifold: the observation that individual differences in cognitive abilities are universally positively correlated. Investigating the developmental origin of the positive manifold is crucial to understanding it. In a large longitudinal cohort of adolescents and young adults ( N = 784; n = 563 across two waves, mean interval between waves = 1.48 years; age range = 14–25 years), we examined developmental changes in two core cognitive domains, fluid reasoning and vocabulary. We used bivariate latent change score models to compare three leading accounts of cognitive development: g-factor theory, investment theory, and mutualism. We showed that a mutualism model, which proposes that basic cognitive abilities directly and positively interact during development, provides the best account of developmental changes. We found that individuals with higher scores in vocabulary showed greater gains in matrix reasoning and vice versa. These dynamic coupling pathways are not predicted by other accounts and provide a novel mechanistic window into cognitive development.

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