scholarly journals A stab in the Dark - PRE-PRINT

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Jonathan Nyman ◽  
Jan Antfolk ◽  
James Michael Lampinen ◽  
Maria Tuomisto ◽  
Johanna K. Kaakinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Combined Effect ◽  
Maximum Distance ◽  
Target Presentation ◽  
Eyewitness Accuracy ◽  
Eyewitness Identifications ◽  
Correct Target ◽  
Made In

Prior research shows that increased distance and decreased light result in less correct eyewitness identifications, yet their combined effect is unknown. The aim of the present study was to establish the maximum distance in low lux (lx) where an eyewitness’s later identification in target present (TP) line-ups is no longer reliable. We randomized participants (N = 178) into one of three lx conditions (high:300lx, medium:10lx, low:0.7lx) and presented them with eight targets (one at a time) at eight separate distances (6-20 meters). Each target-presentation was followed by an 8-person simultaneous TP line-up (i.e., there was a .125 probability of choosing the target correctly by chance). We found that the rate of correct TP identifications decreased with increased distance in all lx conditions. At 20 meters the rate of correct TP identifications was .53 in the high lx condition, .41 in the medium lx condition and .11 in the low lx condition. The generalizability of our findings to overall eyewitness accuracy is limited by the exclusion of target absent line-ups, yet our findings show that reliable and correct target present identifications are very unlikely following observations made in low lighting (0.7 lx) at 20 meters.

scholarly journals The Intractability of Inaccurate Eyewitness Identification

Daedalus ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed S. Rakoff ◽  
Elizabeth F. Loftus
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Expert Testimony ◽  
Eyewitness Identification ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Eyewitness Testimony ◽  
Wrongful Convictions ◽  
Jury Instructions ◽  
Eyewitness Identifications ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Made In

Inaccurate eyewitness testimony is a leading cause of wrongful convictions. As early as 1967, the U.S. Supreme Court recognized this danger, but the tests it promulgated to distinguish reliable from unreliable eyewitness testimony were based largely on surmise. More recently, substantial research has demonstrated that, while significant improvements can be made in the manner in which lineups, photo arrays, and other identification procedures are conducted, inherent limitations of human perception, memory, and psychology raise, in many cases, intractable barriers to accurate eyewitness testimony. Where barriers to accurate eyewitness testimony exist, one response is to sensitize jurors to the limitations of eyewitness identifications, but studies to date have not shown that special jury instructions can accomplish that purpose. Moreover, research on expert testimony has produced mixed results, with some studies showing that it helps jurors discriminate between good and bad eyewitness evidence, and other studies showing that it merely creates overall skepticism.

scholarly journals The Distance Threshold (PRE-PRINT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Jonathan Nyman ◽  
James Michael Lampinen ◽  
Jan Antfolk ◽  
Julia Korkman ◽  
Pekka Santtila
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Eyewitness Accuracy ◽  
Perceptual Distance ◽  
Eyewitness Identifications ◽  
Age Range

Increased distance between an eyewitness and a culprit decreases the accuracy of eyewitness identifications, but the maximum distance at which reliable observations can still be made is unknown. Our aim was to identify this threshold.We hypothesized that increased distance would decrease identification and rejection accuracy, confidence, and increase response time. We expected an interaction effect, where increased distance would more negatively affect younger and older participants (vs. young adults), resulting in age-group specific distance thresholds where diagnosticity would be 1. We presented participants with four live targets at distances between 5-110 meters (m) using an eight-person computerized line-up task. We employed simultaneous and sequential target-absent or target-present line-ups and presented these to 1588 participants (age range 6-77; 61% female, 95% Finns) resulting in 6233 responses. We found that at 40m diagnosticity was 50% lower than at 5m, and with increased distance diagnosticity tapered off until it was 1 (+/- 0.5) at 100m for all age groups and line-up types. However, young children (6-11) and older adults (45-77) reached a diagnosticity of 1 at shorter distances compared with older children (12-17) and young adults (18-44). We found that with increased distance, confidence dropped whereas response time remained stable, and that high confidence and shorter response times were associated with identification accuracy up to 40m. We conclude that age and line-up type moderate the effect distance has on eyewitness accuracy and that there are perceptual distance thresholds at which an eyewitness can no longer reliably encode and later identify a culprit.

EFFECT OF THINNING AND GRAZING ON TREE DEVELOPMENT AND THE VISUAL ASPECT OF AN OAK FOREST ON THE GOLAN HEIGHTS

1996 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Didi Kaplan ◽  
Mario Gutman
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Measurement ◽  
Maximum Distance ◽  
Oak Forest ◽  
Additional Input ◽  
Cutting Out ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Open Woodland ◽  
And Control ◽  
Tree Development ◽  
Made In

An attempt to create an open woodland was made in Israel by opening large tracks of maquis thickets by hand, cutting out lower shrubs, and thinning, coppicing, and pruning desirable trees. Three treatments were compared: moderate, heavy, and control with no thinning. The effects of the treatments on the visual transparency of the forest were measured by a transparency index defined as the maximum distance from which a vertical post 1.8 meters high could be fully observed. In general, thinning caused a 38.0% increase in the diameter of all the trunks over a seven-year period for heavy thinning, compared with 26.4% and 12.8% in the moderate and control treatments, respectively. The difference between heavy and moderate thinning was not always significant. A combination of thinning and grazing successfully created an open woodland, without additional input of resources. The “transparency index” used in this study can be used as a quantitative measurement index for accessibility and aesthetics.

Movements, recapture patterns, and factors affecting the return rate of carcharhinid and other sharks tagged off northern Australia

2000 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Stevens ◽  
G. J. West ◽  
K. J. McLoughlin
Keyword(s):  
Fishing Effort ◽  
Return Rate ◽  
Maximum Distance ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Gill Net ◽  
Commercially Important ◽  
Inshore Waters ◽  
Made In ◽  
Tag Shedding

Between February 1983 and May 1985, ~10 500 sharks of 23 species were fin-tagged off northern Australia. Tagging concentrated on the commercially important Carcharhinus tilstoni and C. sorrah. Most recaptures were made in 1984 and 1985, but returns continued until May 1997. In all, 579 tags (5.5%) were recovered. Tag shedding was estimated to be low (0.025 year –1 for C. tilstoni) and tagging mortality was significantly lower for sharks caught by hand-line than by gill-net. Australian gill-netters, Taiwanese gill-netters (fishing in the Australian Fishing Zone) and Australian prawn trawlers accounted for most of the returns. The maximum distance between the release and recapture positions was >1100 km, but most returns were made within 50 km of the tagging site. Nearly all the releases were in inshore waters fished by Australian vessels. Although many recaptures were made by the offshore Taiwanese fishery, the Taiwanese fishing effort was much higher than for the inshore Australian fishery, so that relative to fishing effort, relatively few sharks moved from inshore to offshore waters.

scholarly journals Pilot Study on Genetic Associations With Age-Related Sarcopenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicita Urzi ◽  
Boštjan Pokorny ◽  
Elena Buzan
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Interindividual Variation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Nuclear Respiratory Factor ◽  
European Working ◽  
Nuclear Respiratory Factor 2 ◽  
Made In

Despite strong evidence of an inheritable component of muscle phenotypes, little progress has been made in identifying the specific genetic factors involved in the development of sarcopenia. Even rarer are studies that focus on predicting the risk of sarcopenia based on a genetic risk score. In the present study, we tested the single and combined effect of seven candidate gene variants on the risk of sarcopenia. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes were genotyped using the KASP assay. We examined 190 older adults that were classified as non-sarcopenic or sarcopenic according to the diagnostic criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Sarcopenia was associated with Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, Alpha-actinin-3, and Nuclear respiratory factor 2 genotypes. The combined effect of all three polymorphisms explained 39% of the interindividual variation in sarcopenia risk. Our results suggest that the single and combined effect of Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase, Alpha-actinin-3, and Nuclear respiratory factor 2 polymorphism is associated with sarcopenia risk in older adults. Nowadays, as the population is getting older and older, great efforts are being made to research the etiology, diagnosis and treatment of sarcopenia. At the same time, small progress has been made in understanding the genetic etiology of sarcopenia. Given the importance of research on this disease, further genetic studies are needed to better understand the genetic risk underlying sarcopenia. We believe that this small-scale study will help to demonstrate that there is still much to be discovered in this field.

Spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra

1966 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
Th. Schmidt-Kaler
Keyword(s):  
Progress Report ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Objective Prism ◽  
Made In

I should like to give you a very condensed progress report on some spectrophotometric measurements of objective-prism spectra made in collaboration with H. Leicher at Bonn. The procedure used is almost completely automatic. The measurements are made with the help of a semi-automatic fully digitized registering microphotometer constructed by Hög-Hamburg. The reductions are carried out with the aid of a number of interconnected programmes written for the computer IBM 7090, beginning with the output of the photometer in the form of punched cards and ending with the printing-out of the final two-dimensional classifications.

Surface Structure in Microtomed Sections Caused by Glass and Diamond Knives

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 456-457
Author(s):  
J. Temple Black ◽  
William G. Boldosser
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Carbon Coating ◽  
Surface Damage ◽  
Body Angle ◽  
Normal Manner ◽  
Bottom Side ◽  
Cutting Direction ◽  
Made In ◽  
Diamond Knife

Ultramicrotomy produces plastic deformation in the surfaces of microtomed TEM specimens which can not generally be observed unless special preparations are made. In this study, a typical biological composite of tissue (infundibular thoracic attachment) infiltrated in the normal manner with an embedding epoxy resin (Epon 812 in a 60/40 mixture) was microtomed with glass and diamond knives, both with 45 degree body angle. Sectioning was done in Portor Blum Mt-2 and Mt-1 microtomes. Sections were collected on formvar coated grids so that both the top side and the bottom side of the sections could be examined. Sections were then placed in a vacuum evaporator and self-shadowed with carbon. Some were chromium shadowed at a 30 degree angle. The sections were then examined in a Phillips 300 TEM at 60kv.Carbon coating (C) or carbon coating with chrom shadowing (C-Ch) makes in effect, single stage replicas of the surfaces of the sections and thus allows the damage in the surfaces to be observable in the TEM. Figure 1 (see key to figures) shows the bottom side of a diamond knife section, carbon self-shadowed and chrom shadowed perpendicular to the cutting direction. Very fine knife marks and surface damage can be observed.

Iron storage sites in the myocardium as revealed by cytohistochemistry

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 394-395
Author(s):  
M. Ashraf ◽  
F. Thompson ◽  
S. Miki ◽  
P. Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Tissue ◽  
Coronary Perfusion ◽  
Intracellular Iron ◽  
Ether Anesthesia ◽  
Intense Staining ◽  
Iron Storage ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Rat Hearts ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Made In

Iron is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic injury. However, the sources of intracellular iron in myocytes are not yet defined. In this study we have attempted to localize iron at various cellular sites of the cardiac tissue with the ferrocyanide technique.Rat hearts were excised under ether anesthesia. They were fixed with coronary perfusion with 3% buffered glutaraldehyde made in 0.1 M cacodylate buffer pH 7.3. Sections, 60 μm in thickness, were cut on a vibratome and were incubated in the medium containing 500 mg of potassium ferrocyanide in 49.5 ml H2O and 0.5 ml concentrated HC1 for 30 minutes at room temperature. Following rinses in the buffer, tissues were dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Spurr medium.The examination of thin sections revealed intense staining or reaction product in peroxisomes (Fig. 1).

Microanalysis of precipitates in a ferritic steel

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 618-619
Author(s):  
J.M. Titchmarsh
Keyword(s):  
Ferritic Steel ◽  
Particle Identification ◽  
Energy Dispersive ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ferritic Steels ◽  
Replica Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Scanning Transmission ◽  
Made In

The advances in recent years in the microanalytical capabilities of conventional TEM's fitted with probe forming lenses allow much more detailed investigations to be made of the microstructures of complex alloys, such as ferritic steels, than have been possible previously. In particular, the identification of individual precipitate particles with dimensions of a few tens of nanometers in alloys containing high densities of several chemically and crystallographically different precipitate types is feasible. The aim of the investigation described in this paper was to establish a method which allowed individual particle identification to be made in a few seconds so that large numbers of particles could be examined in a few hours.A Philips EM400 microscope, fitted with the scanning transmission (STEM) objective lens pole-pieces and an EDAX energy dispersive X-ray analyser, was used at 120 kV with a thermal W hairpin filament. The precipitates examined were extracted using a standard C replica technique from specimens of a 2¼Cr-lMo ferritic steel in a quenched and tempered condition.

AEM investigation of ZrO2 solid solution formation in ZrO2/mullite composites

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 408-409
Author(s):  
T. R. Dinger
Keyword(s):  
Solid Solution ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transformation Toughening ◽  
Solid Solution Formation ◽  
Solution Formation ◽  
Propagating Crack ◽  
Analytical Electron ◽  
Microcrack Toughening ◽  
Made In

Zirconia (ZrO2) is often added to ceramic compacts to increase their toughness. The mechanisms by which this toughness increase occurs are generally accepted to be those of transformation toughening and microcracking. The mechanism of transformation toughening is based on the presence of metastable tetragonal ZrO2 which transforms to the monoclinic allotrope when stressed by a propagating crack. The decrease in volume which accompanies this transformation effectively relieves the applied stress at the crack tip and toughens the material; microcrack toughening arises from the deflection of a propagating crack around sharply angular inclusions.These mechanisms, however, do not explain the toughness increases associated with the class of composites investigated here. Analytical electron microscopy (AEM) has been used to determine whether solid solution effects could be the cause of this increased toughness. Specimens of a mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2) + 15 vol. % ZrO2 were prepared by the usual technique of mechanical thinning followed by ion beam milling. All observations were made in a Philips EM400 TEM/STEM microscope fitted with EDXS and EELS spectrometers.

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