scholarly journals The Distance Threshold (PRE-PRINT)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Jonathan Nyman ◽  
James Michael Lampinen ◽  
Jan Antfolk ◽  
Julia Korkman ◽  
Pekka Santtila
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Identification Accuracy ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Eyewitness Accuracy ◽  
Perceptual Distance ◽  
Eyewitness Identifications ◽  
Age Range

Increased distance between an eyewitness and a culprit decreases the accuracy of eyewitness identifications, but the maximum distance at which reliable observations can still be made is unknown. Our aim was to identify this threshold.We hypothesized that increased distance would decrease identification and rejection accuracy, confidence, and increase response time. We expected an interaction effect, where increased distance would more negatively affect younger and older participants (vs. young adults), resulting in age-group specific distance thresholds where diagnosticity would be 1. We presented participants with four live targets at distances between 5-110 meters (m) using an eight-person computerized line-up task. We employed simultaneous and sequential target-absent or target-present line-ups and presented these to 1588 participants (age range 6-77; 61% female, 95% Finns) resulting in 6233 responses. We found that at 40m diagnosticity was 50% lower than at 5m, and with increased distance diagnosticity tapered off until it was 1 (+/- 0.5) at 100m for all age groups and line-up types. However, young children (6-11) and older adults (45-77) reached a diagnosticity of 1 at shorter distances compared with older children (12-17) and young adults (18-44). We found that with increased distance, confidence dropped whereas response time remained stable, and that high confidence and shorter response times were associated with identification accuracy up to 40m. We conclude that age and line-up type moderate the effect distance has on eyewitness accuracy and that there are perceptual distance thresholds at which an eyewitness can no longer reliably encode and later identify a culprit.

Developmental Changes in Gaze Behavior and the Effects of Auditory Emotion Word Priming in Emotional Face Categorization

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Michael Vesker ◽  
Daniela Bahn ◽  
Christina Kauschke ◽  
Gudrun Schwarzer
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Gaze Behavior ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Emotion Word ◽  
Visual Encoding ◽  
Face Categorization

Abstract Social interactions often require the simultaneous processing of emotions from facial expressions and speech. However, the development of the gaze behavior used for emotion recognition, and the effects of speech perception on the visual encoding of facial expressions is less understood. We therefore conducted a word-primed face categorization experiment, where participants from multiple age groups (six-year-olds, 12-year-olds, and adults) categorized target facial expressions as positive or negative after priming with valence-congruent or -incongruent auditory emotion words, or no words at all. We recorded our participants’ gaze behavior during this task using an eye-tracker, and analyzed the data with respect to the fixation time toward the eyes and mouth regions of faces, as well as the time until participants made the first fixation within those regions (time to first fixation, TTFF). We found that the six-year-olds showed significantly higher accuracy in categorizing congruently primed faces compared to the other conditions. The six-year-olds also showed faster response times, shorter total fixation durations, and faster TTFF measures in all primed trials, regardless of congruency, as compared to unprimed trials. We also found that while adults looked first, and longer, at the eyes as compared to the mouth regions of target faces, children did not exhibit this gaze behavior. Our results thus indicate that young children are more sensitive than adults or older children to auditory emotion word primes during the perception of emotional faces, and that the distribution of gaze across the regions of the face changes significantly from childhood to adulthood.

scholarly journals Age differences in the use of implicit visual cues in a response time task

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose Angelo Barela ◽  
Anselmo A Rocha ◽  
Andrew R Novak ◽  
Job Fransen ◽  
Gabriella A Figueiredo
Keyword(s):  
Response Time ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Time Task ◽  
Adolescents And Adults

Background: Many activities require a complex interrelationship between a performer and stimuli available in the environment without explicit perception, but many aspects regarding developmental changes in the use of implicit cues remain unknown. Aim: To investigate the use of implicit visual precueing presented at different time intervals in children, adolescents, and adults. Method: Seventy-two people, male and female, constituted four age groups: 8-, 10- and 12-year-olds and adults. Participants performed 32 trials, four-choice-time task across four conditions: no precue and a 43 ms centralized dot appearing in the stimulus circle at 43, 86 or 129 ms prior the stimulus. Response times were obtained for each trial and pooled into each condition. Results: Response times for 8-year-olds were longer than for 12-year-olds and adults and for 10-year-olds were longer than for adults. Response times were longer in the no precue condition compared to when precues were presented at 86 and 129 ms before the stimulus. Response times were longer when precue was presented at 43 ms compared presented at 129 ms before the stimulus. Interpretation: Implicit precues reduce response time in children, adolescents and adults, but young children benefit less from implicit precues than adolescents and adults.

Age and gender effect on emotional intelligence and emotion regulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.K. Datkhabayeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Intelligence ◽  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Gender Effect ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Larger Sample

Emotional intelligence considered as the ability to recognize, understand, and regulate emotions. Emotional intelligence is one of the important modulators of social relationships. The aim of the work is to study age and gender effect on emotional intelligence and emotional self-regulation in three age children groups (between 11-15, 16-18, 19-20 ages old). Emotional intelligence was measured by using adapted versions of the questionnaires "Emotional Intelligence" and "Emotion Regulation". Forty-nine volunteers participated in the current study. Preliminary results revealed the tendency to increase the parameters of emotional intelligence scales with age and prevalence in reappraisal regulation strategy over the suppression in older children. The prevalence in reappraisal strategy which is more favorable and effective strategy of self-regulation showed higher score in girls’ group in comparison to boys’ group. Larger sample of children in the age range from 6 to 20 years is expected to show more significant changes between age groups.

Abstract 207: Dissemination of Hands-Only Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and the Impact on the Outcome in School Students and Young Adults After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest of Presumed Cardiac Origin: A Japanese Nationwide Utstein Registry Study

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 138 (Suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihide Mitani ◽  
Noriko Yodoya ◽  
Hiroyuki Ohashi ◽  
Hirofumi Sawada ◽  
Masahiro Hirayama
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Emergency Response ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
School Students ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group D

Introduction: Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) of presumed cardiac origin witnessed by nonfamily members in the daytime are most effectively resuscitated in the youth, in which the impact of recently disseminated hands-only cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is poorly understood. Hypothesis: Dissemination of hands-only CPR is associated with the better outcome in school students and young adults after such OHCA. Methods: We investigated OHCA of presumed cardiac origin in the youth (Group A, 7-12y; group B, 13-18y; group C, 19-22y; group D, 23-35y) which are witnessed by nonfamily members in the daytime (6:00-17:59) during 2005-15 by using Japanese nationwide Utstein registry. Results: We recruited 1,646 pts, in which N of pts was 92 (A), 382 (B), 229 (C) and 943 (D); ventricular fibrillation (VF) as the initial rhythm (%) was 48, 70, 64, and 59; bystander’s CPR (%) was 81, 80, 71 and 68; hands-only/bystander’s CPR (%) was 32, 38, 57, 56; bystander’s automated external defibrillator (AED) (%) was 37, 44, 24 and 19; the favorable neurological outcome at 1 month (CPC1-2)(%) was 46, 49, 39 and 30. Compared with group D, %bystander’s CPR (p=.013 in A, <.001 in B), %bystander’s AED (<.001 in both), and %CPC1-2 (.005, <.001) was higher but %hands-only CPR(<.001 in both) was lower in A and B, independent of the calendar year. Compared with 2005-09, %hands-only CPR, %bystander’s AED and CPC1-2 were higher in all age groups (<.005 in all) in 2010-15. In multivariate logistic analysis (gender, age groups (vs D), CPR type (conventional or hands-only CPR vs no CPR), bystander’s AED, the initial VF, emergency response time, calendar year), hands-only CPR (p=.03), bystander’s AED(<.001), female gender(.045), initial VF (<.001), emergency response time (<.001), and calendar year (<.001) were independently associated with CPC1-2. Conclusions: The present investigation demonstrates that resuscitation and outcome parameters after OHCA of presumed cardiac origin were persistently better in school students than young adults and that %hands-only CPR, which was persistently lower in school students, was independently associated with the better outcome in the youth overall. This finding may give a clue to further improvement of the outcomes in school students after OHCA.

scholarly journals Effects of Short-Term Physical Activity Interventions on Simple and Choice Response Times

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Norton ◽  
Lynda Norton ◽  
Nicole Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Response Time ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Choice Response ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Active Adults

Objective. Response time (RT) is important for health and human performance and provides insight into cognitive processes. It deteriorates with age, is associated with chronic physical activity (PA), and improves with PA interventions. We investigated associations between the amount and type of PA undertaken and the rate of change in RT for low-active adults across the age range 18–63 yr.Methods. Insufficiently active adults were assigned to either a walking (n=263) or higher-intensity (n=380) exercise program conducted over 40 days. Active controls were also recruited (n=135). Simple response time (SRT) and choice response time (CRT) were measured before and after the intervention and at 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up.Results. SRT and CRT slowed across the age range; however, habitually active participants at baseline had significantly faster CRT (p<0.05). The interventions increased weekly PA with corresponding increases in physical fitness. These changes were mirrored in faster CRT across the study for both intervention groups (p<0.05). No changes were found for SRT.Conclusions. Both PA interventions resulted in improvements in CRT among adults starting from a low activity base. These improvements were relatively rapid and occurred in both interventions despite large differences in exercise volume, type, and intensity. There were no effects on SRT in either intervention.

Neural Correlates of Successful Memory Encoding in Kindergarten and Early Elementary School Children: Longitudinal Trends and Effects of Schooling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Nolden ◽  
Garvin Brod ◽  
Ann-Kristin Meyer ◽  
Yana Fandakova ◽  
Yee Lee Shing
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Formal Schooling ◽  
Older Children ◽  
One Year ◽  
Age Range

Abstract From age 5 to 7, there are remarkable improvements in children’s cognitive abilities (“5–7 shift”). In many countries, including Germany, formal schooling begins in this age range. It is, thus, unclear to what extent exposure to formal schooling contributes to the “5–7 shift.” In this longitudinal study, we investigated if schooling acts as a catalyst of maturation. We tested 5-year-old children who were born close to the official cutoff date for school entry and who were still attending a play-oriented kindergarten. One year later, the children were tested again. Some of the children had experienced their first year of schooling whereas the others had remained in kindergarten. Using 2 functional magnetic resonance imaging tasks that assessed episodic memory formation (i.e., subsequent memory effect), we found that children relied strongly on the medial temporal lobe (MTL) at both time points but not on the prefrontal cortex (PFC). In contrast, older children and adults typically show subsequent memory effects in both MTL and PFC. Both children groups improved in their memory performance, but there were no longitudinal changes nor group differences in neural activation. We conclude that successful memory formation in this age group relies more heavily on the MTL than in older age groups.

scholarly journals Aging Increases Cross-Modal Distraction by Unexpected Sounds: Controlling for Response Speed

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alicia Leiva ◽  
Pilar Andrés ◽  
Fabrice B. R. Parmentier
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Bayesian Estimation ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Age Related ◽  
General Slowing

It is well-established that task-irrelevant sounds deviating from an otherwise predictable auditory sequence capture attention and disrupt ongoing performance by delaying responses in the ongoing task. In visual tasks, larger distraction by unexpected sounds (deviance distraction) has been reported in older than in young adults. However, past studies based this conclusion on the comparisons of absolute response times (RT) and did not control for the general slowing typically observed in older adults. Hence, it remains unclear whether this difference in deviance distraction between the two age groups reflects a genuine effect of aging or a proportional effect of similar size in both groups. We addressed this issue by using a proportional measure of distraction (PMD) to reanalyze the data from four past studies and used Bayesian estimation to generate credible estimates of the age-related difference in deviance distraction and its effect size. The results were unambiguous: older adults exhibited greater deviance distraction than young adults when controlling for baseline response speed (in each individual study and in the combined data set). Bayesian estimation revealed a proportional lengthening of RT by unexpected sounds that was about twice as large in older than in young adults (corresponding to a large statistical effect size). A similar analysis was carried out on the proportion of correct responses (PC) and produced converging results. Finally, an additional Bayesian analysis comparing data from cross-modal and uni-modal studies confirmed the selective effect of aging on distraction in the first and not the second. Overall, our study shows that older adults performing a visual categorization task do exhibit greater distraction by unexpected sounds than young adults and that this effect is not explicable by age-related general slowing.

RTS,S/AS01, a vaccine targeting pre-erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium falciparum

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-537
Author(s):  
Lorenz von Seidlein ◽  
Borimas Hanboonkunupakarn ◽  
Podjanee Jittmala ◽  
Sasithon Pukrittayakamee
Keyword(s):  
Protective Efficacy ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
European Medicines Agency ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Pivotal Phase ◽  
Malaria Epidemiology ◽  
Maximum Benefit ◽  
Sub Saharan

RTS,S/AS01 is the most advanced vaccine to prevent malaria. It is safe and moderately effective. A large pivotal phase III trial in over 15 000 young children in sub-Saharan Africa completed in 2014 showed that the vaccine could protect around one-third of children (aged 5–17 months) and one-fourth of infants (aged 6–12 weeks) from uncomplicated falciparum malaria. The European Medicines Agency approved licensing and programmatic roll-out of the RTSS vaccine in malaria endemic countries in sub-Saharan Africa. WHO is planning further studies in a large Malaria Vaccine Implementation Programme, in more than 400 000 young African children. With the changing malaria epidemiology in Africa resulting in older children at risk, alternative modes of employment are under evaluation, for example the use of RTS,S/AS01 in older children as part of seasonal malaria prophylaxis. Another strategy is combining mass drug administrations with mass vaccine campaigns for all age groups in regional malaria elimination campaigns. A phase II trial is ongoing to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the RTSS in combination with antimalarial drugs in Thailand. Such novel approaches aim to extract the maximum benefit from the well-documented, short-lasting protective efficacy of RTS,S/AS01.

Evaluation of the Degree of Dental Anxiety in a Lot of Patients Altered in Young Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-692
Author(s):  
Gheorghe Raftu ◽  
Elena-Claudia Sin ◽  
Aureliana Caraiane ◽  
Steliana Gabriela Bustiuc ◽  
Raluca Briceag
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Oral Cavity ◽  
Dental Treatment ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Dental Anxiety ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Anxiety Scale ◽  
Statistical Relationships ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Age Range

The study aims at identifying and highlighting dental anxiety in a group of young adults, analyzing patients� concerns about the main dental treatment procedures, and establishing statistical relationships between anxiety and gender, the background, level of education, socio-economic status and knowledge of habits of care and hygiene of oral cavity characteristic of the studied group. The study group consists of 150 female (50%) and male (50%) patients , aged between 20 and 40 years. The inclusion criteria in the batch were those related to the age range of 20 to 40 years.Two respondents (Corah�s Dental Anxiety Scale, Revised (DAS-R)) were given two questionnaires ( Corah�s Dental Anxiety Scale, DAS-R), and the second questionnaire contained 7 questions about the habits dental care). Most patients� concerns about the main procedures of dental treatment / other concerns are: dental extraction, material expenses, possibility of treatments and shame she felt oppressed health of the oral cavity. Regardless of the level of dental anxiety, the oral cavity hygiene habits are not properly performed by patients, with an increased tendency for them to be disregarded by patients with severe dental anxiety.

scholarly journals Exploring Why Adult Mexican Males Do Not Get Vaccinated: Implications for COVID-19 Preventive Actions

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-527
Author(s):  
V. Nelly Salgado de Snyder ◽  
Deliana Garcia ◽  
Roxana Pineda ◽  
Jessica Calderon ◽  
Dania Diaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Medicine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Administrative Services ◽  
Minority Males ◽  
Socially Disadvantaged ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Socially Excluded ◽  
Age Range

Vaccination is the single most important preventive medicine action worldwide. However, there are inequalities in the procurement of vaccines particularly among US ethnic and racial minority males when compared to the rest of the US population. This study explored the reasons given by adult Mexican-origin males residing in Texas, for obtaining or not, immunizations. This was a cross-sectional, exploratory study with a sample of convenience of 401 adult males (age range 18–79) who were invited to participate in the study while waiting their turn to receive administrative services at the Mexican Consulate in Austin Texas. Data was collected in Spanish with a seven-item multiple choice questionnaire, using electronic tablets. The majority of respondents received their last vaccination longer than 5 years earlier. A higher percentage of individuals in the older age groups received a vaccine in the last year, as opposed to their younger counterparts who obtained their last immunization 3 to 5 years earlier. Among the reasons given for not getting vaccinated were lack of time or money, feared injections and side effects, insufficient information, interest or motivation. Others did not get vaccines because they perceived themselves to be healthy and did not feel sick. Findings from this study have important implications for future preventive medicine and vaccination practices that reach socially excluded groups in times of COVID-19. Recommendations are made to facilitate access to vaccines to the target group of this study and other socially disadvantaged populations in the global health context.

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