scholarly journals How do the semantic properties of visual explanations guide causal inference?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly Huey ◽  
Caren Walker ◽  
Judith Fan
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Visual Communication ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Abstract Knowledge ◽  
Semantic Properties

What visualization strategies do people use to communicate abstract knowledge to others? We developed a drawing paradigm to elicit visual explanations about novel machines and obtained detailed annotations of the semantic information conveyed in each drawing. We found that these visual explanations contained: (1) greater emphasis on causally relevant parts of the machine, (2) less emphasis on structural features that were visually salient but causally irrelevant, and (3) more symbols, relative to baseline drawings intended only to communicate the machines’ appearance. However, this overall pattern of emphasis did not necessarily improve naive viewers’ ability to infer how to operate the machines, nor their ability to identify them, suggesting a potential mismatch between what people believe a visual explanation contains and what may be most useful. Taken together, our findings advance our understanding of how communicative goals constrain visual communication of abstract knowledge across behavioral contexts.

Information structure

2019 ◽  
pp. 366-394
Author(s):  
Mary Dalrymple ◽  
John J. Lowe ◽  
Louise Mycock
Keyword(s):  
Information Structure ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Subsequent Work

This chapter considers how information is organized within an utterance, and in particular how syntax, semantics, and information structure interact. As with semantic information, early work in LFG represented certain aspects of information structure by means of f-structure attributes. The authors follow subsequent work in assuming a separate level of information structure or i-structure, related to other structures via correspondence functions. This chapter begins with a discussion of how the information conveyed by an utterance is structured to facilitate communication, before an exploration of the nature of the units that are relevant to the structuring of information. Subsequently, there is a review of some early LFG approaches to the representation of information structural features (Section 10.3), followed by an overview of the model of information structure that is adopted in the rest of this book (Section 10.4).

scholarly journals Did It Happen? The Pragmatic Complexity of Veridicality Assessment

2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Catherine de Marneffe ◽  
Christopher D. Manning ◽  
Christopher Potts
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Event Extraction ◽  
World Knowledge ◽  
Language Understanding ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Computational Work ◽  
Will Rogers ◽  
Semantic Properties

Natural language understanding depends heavily on assessing veridicality—whether events mentioned in a text are viewed as happening or not—but little consideration is given to this property in current relation and event extraction systems. Furthermore, the work that has been done has generally assumed that veridicality can be captured by lexical semantic properties whereas we show that context and world knowledge play a significant role in shaping veridicality. We extend the FactBank corpus, which contains semantically driven veridicality annotations, with pragmatically informed ones. Our annotations are more complex than the lexical assumption predicts but systematic enough to be included in computational work on textual understanding. They also indicate that veridicality judgments are not always categorical, and should therefore be modeled as distributions. We build a classifier to automatically assign event veridicality distributions based on our new annotations. The classifier relies not only on lexical features like hedges or negations, but also on structural features and approximations of world knowledge, thereby providing a nuanced picture of the diverse factors that shape veridicality. “All I know is what I read in the papers” —Will Rogers

scholarly journals An Approach to the Effects of Modern Art on the Evolution of Iranian Contemporary Typography

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (23) ◽  
pp. 189-196
Author(s):  
Maryam Rafiei ◽  
Jamshid Arasteh
Keyword(s):  
Visual Communication ◽  
Modern Art ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Visual Language ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
The Other ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Iranian Art ◽  
Transfer Of Information

Today, letter design is no longer just a way to convey information, its visual and structural features is not limited to a particular aspect of visual language, in addition, the design of letters is a method that is always influenced by the content and thought, it is placed in different cultural and social conditions and reflected in unlimited aesthetic forms. Situation that occurs with Iranian literature that owes its value to the writings and the words. On the other hand, in the field of art, especially the art of letter design, it is this writing that plays the central role. Almost more than a century ago, new and modern phenomena slowly came to Iran, and Iranian artists began to use modern art. What is gleaned from the research is the introduction of typography as a powerful and usable tool not only in the international community but also as an art of communication on the Iranian border and examining its most important function; visual communication and the transfer of information and content. It is also discovered how the forms of typography evolve and its impact on contemporary Iranian art. The descriptive research work was carried out through the process of reviewing and collecting information from the library documents.

A multimedia semantic framework for image understanding and retrieval

2017 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1650001
Author(s):  
Antonio Penta
Keyword(s):  
Semantic Information ◽  
Image Understanding ◽  
Heterogeneous Data ◽  
Multimedia Data ◽  
Image Domain ◽  
Semantic Framework ◽  
Semantic Relationships ◽  
Heterogeneous Data Sources ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Provided Examples

On the grounds, ontologies have been shown to be a powerful resource for the interpretation and translation of the terminological and semantic relationships within domains of interest but it is still unclear how they can be applied in the context of multimedia data. In this paper, we describe a framework which can capture and manage semantic information related to the multimedia data by modeling in the ontology their features. In particular, the proposed ontology-based framework is organized in the following way: at the lower levels, spatial objects, colors, shapes are represented, and semantic relationships can be established among them; at the higher levels, objects with semantic properties are put into relationship among themselves as well as with the corresponding low-level objects. On this basis, we have designed an ontological system particularly suitable for image retrieval. We have also taken into account the inherent uncertainty related to the representation and detection of multimedia properties in this complex domain. Along this work, we have provided examples from the image domain; moreover, since ontologies provide a semantic means for the semantic comparison of objects and relationships across different formats, the system is easily extensible to other, heterogeneous data sources.

Make Information in Science Meaningful Again

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-287
Author(s):  
Javier Anta ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Mechanics ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Other ◽  
Semantic Concept ◽  
Scientific Practices ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
Knowledge Dynamics ◽  
Semantic Properties

Although the everyday notion of information has clear semantic properties, the all-pervasive technical concept of Shannon information was defended being a non-semantic concept. In this paper I will show how this measure of information was implicitly ‘semantized’ in the early 1950s by many authors, such as Rothstein's or Brillouin's, in order to explain the knowledge dynamics underlying certain scientific practices such as measurement. On the other hand, I will argue that the main attempts in the literature to develop a quantitative measure of semantic information to clarify science and scientific measurements, such as Carnap-Bar-Hillel, or Dretske, will not successfully achieve this philosophical aim for several reasons. Finally, I will defend the use of a qualitative notion of semantic information within the information-theoretical framework MacKay to assess the informational dynamics underlying scientific practices, particularly measurements in statistical mechanics.

scholarly journals Extracting Semantic Information from Graphic Schemes

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 940-970
Author(s):  
Valeriy Mironov ◽  
Artem Gusarenko ◽  
Gayz Tuguzbaev
Keyword(s):  
Graphical Models ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Levels Of Abstraction ◽  
Vector Graphics ◽  
External Data ◽  
Situational Model ◽  
Graphic Editor ◽  
Logical Mapping ◽  
Semantic Properties

The problem of extracting semantic information from an electronic document specified in the vector graphics format and containing a graphic model (diagram) built using a graphic editor is considered. The problem is to program retrieving certain structural properties and parametric circuit and entering them into a database for later use. Based on the analysis of the capabilities of graphic editors, a conclusion has made about the relevance of this task for universal editors that are not tied to specific graphic notations and use open graphic document formats, which allows program processing. The proposed approach considers graphic documents at three levels of abstraction: conceptual (semantic properties of a schema), logical (presentation of semantic properties at the internal level of the document) and physical (internal organization of a graphic document). The solution to the problem is based on the construction of a conceptual-logical mapping, i.e., mapping a conceptual model of a circuit to a logical model of a graphic document, according to its physical model. Within the framework of the approach, an algorithm for constructing the indicated mapping is developed, presented in the form of an object-oriented pseudocode. The study of internal markup in open graphic formats made it possible to build models for identifying circuit elements and their connections to each other, which is necessary for a specific application of the algorithm. Expressions for addressing schema elements and accessing their properties are obtained. The proposed approach is implemented on the base of a situation-oriented paradigm, within which the extraction process is driven by a hierarchical situational model. The processed data is specified in the situational model in the form of virtual documents displayed on heterogeneous external data sources. For the problem being solved, we consider the mapping to two variants of vector graphics formats: to a "flat" markup file and to a set of such files in an electronic archive. The practical use of the results is illustrated by the example of extracting semantic information from graphical models developed at various stages of database design.

Updating the Frame Problem for AI Research

2020 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 217-230
Author(s):  
Lisa Miracchi
Keyword(s):  
Intelligent Agents ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Frame Problem ◽  
Semantic Relevance ◽  
Computational Systems ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Frame Problem ◽  
Semantic Properties ◽  
Computational Processes ◽  
The Way

The Frame Problem is the problem of how to design a machine to use information so as to behave competently, with respect to the kinds of tasks a genuinely intelligent agent can reliably, effectively perform. I will argue that the way the Frame Problem is standardly interpreted, and so the strategies considered for attempting to solve it, must be updated. We must replace overly simplistic and reductionist assumptions with more sophisticated and plausible ones. In particular, the standard interpretation assumes that mental processes are identical to certain kinds of computational processes, and so solving the Frame Problem is a matter of finding a computational architecture that can effectively represent relations of semantic relevance. Instead, we must take seriously the possibility that the way in which intelligent agents use information is inherently different. Whereas intelligent agents are plausibly genuinely causally sensitive to semantic properties as such (to what they perceive, desire, believe intend, etc.), computational systems can only be causally sensitive to the formal features that represent these properties. Indeed, it is this very substitution of formal generalizations for genuinely semantic ones that is responsible for the way current AI systems are brittle, inflexible, and highly specialized. What we need is a more sophisticated way of investigating the relationship between computational information processing and genuinely semantic information use. I apply the generative methodology I have developed elsewhere for cognitive science and AI research to show how the Frame Problem can be appropriately updated.

Beyond metaphors and semantics: A framework for causal inference in neuroscience

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto A. Gulli
Keyword(s):  
Causal Inference ◽  
Causal Power

Abstract The long-enduring coding metaphor is deemed problematic because it imbues correlational evidence with causal power. In neuroscience, most research is correlational or conditionally correlational; this research, in aggregate, informs causal inference. Rather than prescribing semantics used in correlational studies, it would be useful for neuroscientists to focus on a constructive syntax to guide principled causal inference.

Electron microscopy and diffraction studies of polyimides

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 28-29
Author(s):  
O.C. de Hodgins ◽  
K. R. Lawless ◽  
R. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Inert Atmosphere ◽  
Polyimide Films ◽  
Resolution Electron ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
High Resolution Electron Microscope ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Polymeric Samples

Commercial polyimide films have shown to be homogeneous on a scale of 5 to 200 nm. The observation of Skybond (SKB) 705 and PI5878 was carried out by using a Philips 400, 120 KeV STEM. The objective was to elucidate the structural features of the polymeric samples. The specimens were spun and cured at stepped temperatures in an inert atmosphere and cooled slowly for eight hours. TEM micrographs showed heterogeneities (or nodular structures) generally on a scale of 100 nm for PI5878 and approximately 40 nm for SKB 705, present in large volume fractions of both specimens. See Figures 1 and 2. It is possible that the nodulus observed may be associated with surface effects and the structure of the polymers be regarded as random amorphous arrays. Diffraction patterns of the matrix and the nodular areas showed different amorphous ring patterns in both materials. The specimens were viewed in both bright and dark fields using a high resolution electron microscope which provided magnifications of 100,000X or more on the photographic plates if desired.

Skeletal elements of crinoid echinoderms: High-resolution structural and microanalytical results

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 194-195
Author(s):  
D. F. Blake ◽  
L. F. Allard ◽  
D. R. Peacor
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Sea Urchins ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sea Stars ◽  
High Resolution Tem ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into

Echinodermata is a phylum of marine invertebrates which has been extant since Cambrian time (c.a. 500 m.y. before the present). Modern examples of echinoderms include sea urchins, sea stars, and sea lilies (crinoids). The endoskeletons of echinoderms are composed of plates or ossicles (Fig. 1) which are with few exceptions, porous, single crystals of high-magnesian calcite. Despite their single crystal nature, fracture surfaces do not exhibit the near-perfect {10.4} cleavage characteristic of inorganic calcite. This paradoxical mix of biogenic and inorganic features has prompted much recent work on echinoderm skeletal crystallography. Furthermore, fossil echinoderm hard parts comprise a volumetrically significant portion of some marine limestones sequences. The ultrastructural and microchemical characterization of modern skeletal material should lend insight into: 1). The nature of the biogenic processes involved, for example, the relationship of Mg heterogeneity to morphological and structural features in modern echinoderm material, and 2). The nature of the diagenetic changes undergone by their ancient, fossilized counterparts. In this study, high resolution TEM (HRTEM), high voltage TEM (HVTEM), and STEM microanalysis are used to characterize tha ultrastructural and microchemical composition of skeletal elements of the modern crinoid Neocrinus blakei.

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