Early reduction of sensory processing within the extrastriate visual cortex when switching from internal to external attention

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Verschooren ◽  
Sebastian Schindler ◽  
Rudi de Raedt ◽  
Gilles Pourtois
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Processing ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Attention Effect ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Cost ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Domain Switch ◽  
Similar Cost ◽  
Gating Effect ◽  
Similar Processing

Attention flexibility is a fundamental ability, which has been explored extensively in the past. However, neurocognitive mechanisms underlying switches of attention between working memory (WM) and perceptual stimuli are still poorly understood. Previous research has found that when participants occasionally switch attention either between two perception-based tasks (within-domain switches), or between a WM- and a perception-based task (between-domain switches), a substantial and similar processing cost is elicited in both cases compared to their mere repetition (Verschooren, Schindler, De Raedt, & Pourtois, 2019). These behavioural results, however, did not inform directly about potentially different mechanisms giving rise to the similar cost observed. In this study, we addressed this question by recording 64-channel EEG while participants carried out within- versus between-domain switches of attention. ERP results showed that during early sensory processing a marked P1 attenuation was associated with both switch types, suggesting that switching influenced an early stage of information processing in this situation. Complementing source localization results confirmed that this attention effect had an extrastriate origin. Crucially, this early gating effect associated with task switching was stronger for the between compared to the within-domain switch, despite their similar behavioural cost. These new findings add to the literature by demonstrating that, even though between- and within-domain switches are associated with a similar behavioural cost, different neurocognitive mechanisms give rise to them. As such, they can inform existing cognitive and neuro-anatomical models of selective attention and flexibility, where in the past the focus has often been on within-domain switches.

‘Higher then to her no bookes doe reach’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Vandrei
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Contemporary Philosophy ◽  
James I ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
The Past ◽  
Classical World ◽  
Material Evidence ◽  
Do So

This chapter and the following both draw the reader into seventeenth-century understandings of the past, and of Boudica in particular, and makes clear that in a time before disciplines, writers of ‘history’ were erudite commentators, immersed in political thought, the classical world, and contemporary ideas, as well as in drama, poetry, and the law. Chapter 1 shows the subtleties of Boudica’s place in history at this early stage by giving sustained attention to the work of Edmund Bolton (1574/5–c.1634), the first person to analyse the written and material evidence for Boudica’s deeds, and the last to do so in depth before the later nineteenth century. Bolton’s distaste for contemporary philosophy and his loyalty to James I were highly influential in determining the way the antiquary approached Boudica and her rebellion; but equally important was Bolton’s deep understanding of historical method and the strictures this placed on his interpretive latitude.

scholarly journals Sixty Years with the Chrysobalanaceae

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghillean T. Prance
Keyword(s):  
Economic Botany ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Molecular Evidence ◽  
New Techniques ◽  
Conservation Ecology ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Findings ◽  
The Family ◽  
Molecular Studies ◽  
Economic Use

AbstractA review is given of the studies of Ghillean Prance and associates on the Chrysobalanaceae over the past sixty years. This has focussed on defining the generic boundaries in the family and on monographic work with a worldwide approach to this pantropical family. The importance of field studies for work on monographs and Floras is emphasized. Monographs are still the basis for much work on conservation, ecology and economic botany and are needed as a foundation for molecular studies. The importance of being open to experimenting with new techniques and as a result being willing to change the taxonomy in accordance with new findings is demonstrated and emphasized. The twelve genera of the Chrysobalanaceae at the beginning of this career-long study have now increased to twenty-eight in order to present a much better monophyletic and evolutionary arrangement based on recent molecular evidence. In particular it was necessary to divide and rearrange the originally large genera Parinari and Licania into a number of smaller segregate genera. All known species were included in a worldwide monograph published in 2003. A brief review of the economic use for the family is given.

scholarly journals PEREMPUAN MENGGUGAT: Telaah Perceraian Wanita Muslimah Berkarir di Kota Medan

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Fatimah Zuhrah
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Human History ◽  
Religious Observance ◽  
Easy Task ◽  
The Past ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
The Ideal

<p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> Baiknya pondasi sebuah rumah tangga secara tidak langsung berpengaruh terhadap jatuh bangunnya sebuah negara, dan sebaliknya rusaknya pondasi sebuah keluarga berpengaruh terhadap merosot dan berkembangnya sebuah negara. Beberapa tahun belakangan ini jumlah permintaan gugat cerai istri terhadap suami mengalami peningkatan terutama dari isteri yang berkarir. Penelitian ini melihat permasalahan yang dibangun dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif fenomenologis untuk melihat dan memahami faktor perceraian wanita muslimah berkarir di kota Medan berdasarkan fenomena, fakta dan data yang peneliti temui di lapangan. Berdasarkan temuan penelitian didapat bahwa untuk menegakkan konsep ideal sebuah keluarga sangat sulit untuk dilakukan pada masa sekarang. Kondisi perkawinan sekarang sangat berbeda dengan masa dahulu dalam pemaknaan relasi suami isteri. Dahulu pernikahan memiliki posisi sangat sakral, pernikahan dianggap sebagai ibadah, sehingga orang takut untuk bercerai, karena cerai dianggap aib dan dosa.</p><p><strong>Abstract:</strong> <strong>Women Prosecute: A Study of Divorce in Careered-Muslim Women in Medan City</strong>. The good foundation of a household indirectly affects the rise and fall of a country, and vice versa, the damage to a family’s foundation affects the decline and development of a country. In the last decade, the number of divorce petition against husbands has increased, especially from careered-wives. This paper attempts to study the problems using a phenomenological qualitative approach to thoroughly comprehend the factors of divorce of careered-Muslim women in Medan city based on the phenomena, facts and data that researchers encountered in the field. This study finds that to enforce the ideal concept of a family is not an easy task to do at present. The current condition and perception of marital tie within the society is very different from the past. At the early stage of development of human history, marriage were regarded as inherent in religious observance, and thus, people were reluctant to divorce since it was a disgrace and sin.</p><p><strong>Kata Kunci:</strong> gender, feminisme, cerai, wanita karir, Muslimah</p>

scholarly journals Advanced Thermally Drawn Multimaterial Fibers: Structure-Enabled Functionalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Mengxiao Chen ◽  
Yu Zheng ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Zhixun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Scalability ◽  
Drawing Technique ◽  
Symmetric Structures ◽  
Thermal Drawing

Thermally drawn multimaterial fibers have experienced rapid development in the past two decades owing to the high scalability, uniformity, and material and structure compatibility of the thermal drawing technique. This article reviews various multimaterial fibers based on different functional structures and their applications in disparate fields. We start from the functional structures achieved in optical fibers developed in the early stage of thermally drawn fibers. Subsequently, we introduce both typical functional structures and unique structures created in multimaterial fibers for varying applications. Next, we present the early attempts in breaking the axial symmetric structures of thermally drawn fibers for extended functionalities. Additionally, we summarize the current progress on creating surface structures on thermally drawn fibers. Finally, we provide an outlook for this trending topic towards wearable devices and smart textiles.

A PAncreatic cancer screening study in individuals with New-onset or DeteriOrating diabetes MEllitus (PANDOME study).

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. TPS10607-TPS10607
Author(s):  
Richard C. Frank ◽  
Tammy Lo ◽  
Dugho Jin ◽  
Cornelius Ferreira ◽  
Ramanathan Seshadri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Tumor Board ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer Screening ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
New Onset

TPS10607 Background: Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) has a persistently high mortality as it presents in the advanced stages and has largely not benefited from the genomic and immunotherapeutic revolutions in oncology. Improvements in screening to detect early stage cancers are therefore urgently needed. Screening studies such as those from the International CAPS Consortium have demonstrated improved survivals in hereditary high risk individuals. In the sporadic population, individuals with new-onset diabetes (NOD) or long-standing deteriorating diabetes (DD) are at substantially increased risk of PC in the 12 months following these diagnoses and have been proposed as target populations for screening efforts. This trial will study the benefits of PC screening in the latter populations in a community setting. Methods: Individuals ≥ 50 years of age with either NOD or DD will be eligible. Criteria for NOD (within the past 12 months) include: fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dL, random blood glucose ≥ 200 mg/dL, or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%, with confirmed prior normal values. For those without prior glycemic values, a HbA1c ≥ 7.0% is required. Transition from pre-diabetes requires an increase in HgA1c of ≥ 0.5%. DD is defined by an increase in HbA1c of ≥ 2% within the past six months that is not associated with medication non-compliance or weight gain. Study participants will undergo every 6 months: evaluation by an APRN, testing for anxiety and depression and blood donation for biobanking purposes. High resolution MRI/MRCP with gadolinium will be performed at study entry and annually for 2 years. Images will be reviewed at a multi-disciplinary tumor board consisting of body-image certified radiologists, interventional gastroenterologists, hepatobiliary surgeons and medical oncologists. MRI results will be classified according to a novel PANC-RADS system. High-risk pancreatic findings will be further interrogated by endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). Study endpoints include detection rate of high-risk lesions, referrals for EUS and surgery and detection of incidental findings leading to unnecessary procedures. Adverse psychological impacts will be assessed through HADS testing. Target accrual: 500 patients within 3 years. Clinical trial information: NCT03937453 .

New Physics: Sae Mulli, the Past 60 Years and the Next 60 Years

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (11) ◽  
pp. 2-7
Author(s):  
Jae-Hyeon KO
Keyword(s):  
New Physics ◽  
Current Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
Korean Physical Society ◽  
New Findings ◽  
History Of

The first issue of the journal “New Physics: Sae Mulli”, one of the representative journals of the Korean Physical Society, was published in May 1961. Since then, Sae Mulli has evolved as an important platform for sharing new findings with those members belonging to the Korean Physical Society. This article presents a brief review of the history of this journal. It also includes the current status of and prospects for this journal.

Management of early breast cancer

1992 ◽  
Vol 30 (14) ◽  
pp. 53-56
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Screening Programme ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Develop Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Disease Prognosis ◽  
One Year

One in 12 women in Britain will develop breast cancer and in any one year 15000 women will die of the disease. Prognosis for patients with advanced breast cancer has altered little during the past 30 years, but for those diagnosed early outlook has improved. Greater public awareness coupled with a national screening programme has led more women to present at an early stage1 and gives them a greater opportunity to take advantage of improved management. In this, the first of two articles on breast cancer, we discuss developments in the management of early disease. A later article will examine the follow-up of patients with breast cancer.

Teaching New Dogs Old Tricks

2019 ◽  
pp. 479-496
Author(s):  
Neal Duckworth ◽  
Eugenie de Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Physical Protection ◽  
The Past

This chapter discusses how the basics of espionage have remained the same, even in the digital age. The pendulum of espionage--and protection from it--has swung wide over the past century. Different public and private sectors have renewed focus on not only cyber protections, but on increased physical protection of critical assets and ensuring trusted personnel in the workforce. Within this chapter, the authors review the basics of protecting critical assets to ensure that changes in espionage can be mitigated at an early stage. While the techniques of espionage have many variables, especially in a digital age, the authors have established that the use of a risk assessment that focuses on identifying the threats, the specific variables or methods of espionage, and developing and implementing mitigation measures is of the utmost importance.

Teaching New Dogs Old Tricks

2016 ◽  
pp. 78-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal Duckworth ◽  
Eugenie de Silva
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Physical Protection ◽  
The Past

This chapter discusses how the basics of espionage have remained the same, even in the digital age. The pendulum of espionage--and protection from it--has swung wide over the past century. Different public and private sectors have renewed focus on not only cyber protections, but on increased physical protection of critical assets and ensuring trusted personnel in the workforce. Within this chapter, the authors review the basics of protecting critical assets to ensure that changes in espionage can be mitigated at an early stage. While the techniques of espionage have many variables, especially in a digital age, the authors have established that the use of a risk assessment that focuses on identifying the threats, the specific variables or methods of espionage, and developing and implementing mitigation measures is of the utmost importance.

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