scholarly journals Simply insane? Attributing terrorism to mental illness (versus ideology) affects mental representations of race Word

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas R. Kunst
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Extreme Violence

Mainstream media and public figures are often criticized for readily attributing terrorism committed by White perpetrators to mental illness, while attributing the same behavior committed by non-Whites to ideological motivation. Using a data-driven reverse-correlation approach, we show that attributing terrorism to mental illness results in a phenotypically more White mental representation of the perpetrator as compared to attributing terrorism to ideology or providing no information about its motivation. Importantly, we show that, because terrorists who are described as being motivated by mental illness are perceived as more White than those motivated by ideology, they are subsequently judged as less guilty for alleged terrorist activities. We present further evidence that this effect may be due to perceived Whiteness signaling higher socio-economic status, which reduces perceptions of culpability. In sum, our research demonstrates that extreme violence attributed to unintentional causes is perceptually associated with White perpetrators, leading to leniency in criminal judgements.

scholarly journals Simply Insane? Attributing Terrorism to Mental Illness (Versus Ideology) Affects Mental Representations of Race

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1888-1902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas R. Kunst ◽  
Lisa S. Myhren ◽  
Ivuoma N. Onyeador
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mental Representation ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Mainstream Media ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Extreme Violence

Mainstream media and public figures are often criticized for readily attributing terrorism committed by White perpetrators to mental illness, while attributing the same behavior committed by non-Whites to ideological motivation. Using a data-driven reverse-correlation approach, we show that attributing terrorism to mental illness results in a phenotypically more White mental representation of the perpetrator as compared with attributing terrorism to ideology or providing no information about its motivation. Importantly, we show that, because terrorists who are described as being motivated by mental illness are perceived as more White than those motivated by ideology, they are subsequently judged as less guilty for alleged terrorist activities. We present further evidence that this effect may be due to perceived Whiteness signaling higher socio-economic status, which reduces perceptions of culpability. In sum, our research demonstrates that extreme violence attributed to unintentional causes is perceptually associated with White perpetrators, leading to leniency in criminal judgments.

scholarly journals Blatant dehumanization in the mind's eye: Prevalent even among those who explicitly reject it?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher D Petsko ◽  
Ryan Lei ◽  
Jonas R. Kunst ◽  
Emile Bruneau ◽  
Nour Kteily
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
The Political ◽  
Perceptual Task ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
General Tendency ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Political Right ◽  
Mind's Eye

Research suggests that some people, particularly those on the political right, have a tendency to blatantly dehumanize low-status groups. However, these findings have largely relied on self-report measures, which are notoriously subject to social desirability concerns. To better understand just how widely blatant forms of intergroup dehumanization might extend, the present paper leverages an unobtrusive, data-driven perceptual task to examine how U.S. respondents mentally represent ‘Americans’ vs. ‘Arabs’ (a low-status group in the U.S. that is often explicitly targeted with blatant dehumanization). Data from two reverse-correlation experiments (original N = 108; pre-registered replication N = 336) and seven rating studies (N = 2,301) suggest that U.S. respondents’ mental representations of Arabs are significantly more dehumanizing than their representations of Americans. Furthermore, analyses indicate that this phenomenon is not reducible to a general tendency for our sample to mentally represent Arabs more negatively than Americans. Finally, these findings reveal that blatantly dehumanizing representations of Arabs can be just as prevalent among individuals exhibiting low levels of explicit dehumanization (e.g., liberals) as among individuals exhibiting high levels of explicit dehumanization (e.g., conservatives)—a phenomenon into which exploratory analyses suggest liberals may have only limited awareness. Taken together, these results suggest that blatant dehumanization may be more widespread than previously recognized, and that it can persist even in the minds of those who explicitly reject it.

Qualitŕ della disorganizzazione nelle rappresentazioni mentali d'attaccamento delle madri: uno studio pilota nell'ambito del maltrattamento

2009 ◽  
pp. 39-50
Author(s):  
Lavinia Barone ◽  
Alessandra Frigerio
Keyword(s):  
Adult Attachment ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Adult Attachment Interview ◽  
Disorganized Attachment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
States Of Mind ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Coding Systems ◽  
Potential Risk Factors

- Objective: this study focuses on the investigation of disorganized attachment in a group of maltreating mothers in order to identify potential risk factors of abusive parenting. Method: A sample of 10 "maltreating" mothers and a control group matched by age and socio-economic status were recruited. Mothers' attachment mental representations were assessed using the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI). The AAIs were coded by two different coding systems (i.e. Main et al. and Lyons-Ruth et al. systems) in order to fully investigate the disorganization of maternal states of mind. Results: Preliminary data show a significant percentage of disorganized attachment according to the new Hostile-Helpless classification system. Specifically, the hostile subtype was more frequent than other indicators of disorganization, thus showing potential implications related to abusive parenting.Key words: Adult Attachment Interview, disorganization, maltreatment, parenting.Parole chiave: Adult Attachment Interview, disorganizzazione, maltrattamento, genitorialitŕ.

Attitude of society towards people with mental illness: The result of national survey of the Slovak population

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarína Letovancová ◽  
Nadežda Kovalčíková ◽  
Patricia Dobríková
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Community Attitudes ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Slovak Population ◽  
People With Mental Illness ◽  
Stigmatizing Attitudes

Aims: Our survey has been aimed at identifying the society attitude towards people with mental illness in Slovakia. Method: Selected group comprised 1,624 adult respondents with 18 years of age as the bottom limit. We applied reduced 26-item Community Attitudes Toward Mentally Ill Scale (CAMI) to the survey of the society attitude towards people with mental illness. Results: Average score reached by the respondents reached 94.0800 points, indicating lower stigmatization rate than presumed. Further investigation revealed prejudice and stigmatizing attitudes at significant part of the population. The survey confirmed statistically significant differences at the attitudes in the terms of gender ( t = −6.559, p = .000), age within the categories (χ2 = 20.358, p = .000), education ( F = 9.137, p = .000), socio-economic status (χ2 = 50.487, p = .000) and occupation (χ2 = 47.989, p = .000). We also confirmed statistically significant relation between the attitude and age (−.085**, p = .001). Conclusion: The survey confirmed rather neutral up to slightly positive attitude of the Slovak population towards people with mental illness. Existence of attitudes burdened with fear was revealed in some cases, indicating the need for continuous education of the society in this subject matter.

Impact of Socio-Economic Status in Meeting the Needs of People with Mental Illness; Human Rights Perspective

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-250
Author(s):  
Poreddi Vijayalakshmi ◽  
Ramachandra ◽  
Konduru Reddemma ◽  
Suresh Bada Math
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
People With Mental Illness

scholarly journals A multimethod approach to measuring mental representations of threatening others

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Michael Michalak ◽  
Joshua Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Threat Processing ◽  
Multimethod Approach ◽  
Threat Cues ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
Method Approach

How do people mentally represent distinct interpersonal threats? Across human history, interpersonal threats such as infectious disease and violence have posed powerful selection pressures. Such pressures selected for psychological systems that help identify and reduce threats posed by other people. In the case of infectious disease, psychology researchers have found that such systems respond to a variety of infection cues (e.g., rashes, swelling) as well as cues that merely resemble infection cues (e.g., birthmarks, obesity). Are such cues part of people’s mental representations, and if so, are those cues unique to infection representations or are they included in representations of other threats? Using a multi-method approach, we find that when participants listed traits or drew mental representations of threat, they perceived infected and violent others to differ along threat-specific features. However, when using a data-driven, reverse correlation method that restricted participants from deliberating on and editing their representations, participants generated mental images that were similar on many of the features that both researchers and laypeople expect to distinguish infection and violence threats. These findings suggest our understanding of threat processing may suffer from a disconnect between the threat cues derived from the expectations of researchers and those revealed when expectations are constrained.

Physique, Personality and Mental Illness in Southern Chinese Women

1976 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Singer ◽  
F. Lieh-Mak ◽  
M. L. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Affective Disorder ◽  
Chinese Women ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Body Build ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Southern Chinese ◽  
Southern Chinese Women ◽  
Normal Controls

SummaryA number of anthropometric measurements were made on Southern Chinese women. These were 317 schizophrenics, 44 with affective disorder, 47 neurotics and normal controls. All groups and sub-groups compared were matched for mean age and socio-economic status. It was found that the intercorrelations between body build, personality and type of mental illness were on the whole similar to those reported for Caucasians.

Socio-Economic Factors Which Influence Labeling of Mental Illness

1979 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 1021-1022
Author(s):  
Edward Goldenberg ◽  
Terri Macey ◽  
Lindbergh S. Sata
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Patient Population ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Hospital Days ◽  
Socio Economic Factors

Labeling mental illness is explored, utilizing sociological concepts. An exploratory study assessed psychiatric diagnosis, hospital days, and prescribed medication. Data are presented on relation of age to days hospitalized, socio-economic status, status to psychiatric diagnosis, psychiatric diagnosis to prior hospitalization, and percentage of community referrals. Findings regarding these relationships are specific to the patient population and support sociological concepts.

scholarly journals Just a phase? Mapping the transition of behavioural problems from childhood to adolescence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joe Bathelt ◽  
Anna Vignoles ◽  
Duncan E. Astle
Keyword(s):  
Economic Status ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Behavioural Problems ◽  
Emotional Control ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Current Analysis ◽  
Clustering Method ◽  
Developmental Context ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Behavioural Difficulties

Abstract Purpose Young people change substantially between childhood and adolescence. Yet, the current description of behavioural problems does not incorporate any reference to the developmental context. In the current analysis, we aimed to identify common transitions of behavioural problems between childhood and adolescence. Method We followed 6744 individuals over 6 years as they transitioned from childhood (age 10) into adolescence (age 16). At each stage, we used a data-driven hierarchical clustering method to identify common profiles of behavioural problems, map transitions between profiles and identify factors that predict specific transitions. Results Common profiles of behavioural problems matched known comorbidity patterns but crucially showed that the presentation of behavioural problems changes markedly between childhood and adolescence. While problems with hyperactivity/impulsivity, motor control and conduct were prominent in childhood, adolescents showed profiles of problems related to emotional control, anxiety and inattention. Transitions were associated with socio-economic status and cognitive performance in childhood Conclusion We show that understanding behavioural difficulties and mental ill-health must take into account the developmental context in which the problems occur, and we establish key risk factors for specific negative transitions as children become adolescents.

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