scholarly journals Mental representations of immigrants encode racialized expectations of socio-structural positions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Eduardo Martinez ◽  
DongWon Oh ◽  
Alexander Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Target Category ◽  
European Immigrants ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Correlation Design ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Face Expressions

Illegalized immigrants are mentally associated with specific visual expectations (e.g., dark-skinned threats) and classifications (e.g., Latin American, Syrian, poor, economic drains). However, these findings provide only partial accounts of how migrant illegality is represented: visual representations could shift depending on the various societal positions or categories illegalized immigrants occupy. We therefore introduce a factorial cross-categorical reverse correlation design where online participants (N = 480) visualized immigrants simultaneously associated with certain documentation statuses (documented or undocumented), economic circumstances (job or welfare), and nationalities (Mexican, Irish, Chinese, or Nigerian). The resulting images and evaluations by naïve samples (N = 345) highlighted that: 1) illegality is not always visually encoded as darker skin, 2) affective face expressions hint at racialized expectations of European vs. non-European immigrants’ societal positions in the U.S., and 3) disaggregation of a target category is critical for understanding the relationship between categorical and visual mental representations.

With a Little Help from my Friends

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (8) ◽  
pp. 971-999 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Victoria Murillo ◽  
Andrew Schrank
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
The United States ◽  
Labor Rights ◽  
Labor Laws ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

Why did Latin American governments adopt potentially costly, union-friendly labor reforms in the cost-sensitive 1980s and 1990s? The authors answer the question by exploring the relationship between trade unions and two of their most important allies: labor-backed parties at home and labor rights activists overseas. While labor-backed parties in Latin America have locked in the support of their core constituencies by adopting relatively union-friendly labor laws in an otherwise uncertain political and economic environment, labor rights activists in the United States have demonstrated their support for their Latin American allies by asking the U.S. government to treat the protection of labor rights as the price of access to the U.S. market. The former trajectory is the norm in traditionally labor-mobilizing polities, where industrialization encouraged the growth of labor-backed parties in the postwar era; the latter is more common in more labor-repressive environments, where vulnerable unions tend to look for allies overseas.

A New Orthodoxy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lilian Calles Barger
Keyword(s):  
Critical Point ◽  
Liberation Theology ◽  
Latin American ◽  
North American ◽  
Black Feminist ◽  
Theological Discourse ◽  
American Black ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The U.S

This chapter turns to the critical 1975 Detroit Theology in the Americas conference, where liberationists encountered difficulties in establishing a coalition across race, class, and sex, and between North American black, feminist, and Latin American theologians. The relationship with the U.S. empire showed itself to be a critical point of difference. Nevertheless, reverberation from the conference changed the theological discourse, producing liberal resistance and marshaling conservatives against liberation theology.

scholarly journals Immigrant faceism: documentation statuses evoke racialized mental representations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Eduardo Martinez ◽  
DongWon Oh ◽  
Alexander Todorov
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Documentation Status ◽  
Positive Representations ◽  
Immigrant Men

Politicized U.S. immigration discourse has spurred interest in characterizing who illegalized immigrants are or perceived to be. What are the associated visual representations of migrant illegality? Across two studies with undergraduate and online samples (N = 686), we used face- based reverse correlation and spatial arrangement to capture representations of illegalized immigrant men and their differentiation from U.S. citizen or documented immigrant representations. Documentation statuses were differentially racialized. Immigrant representations were dark-skinned and classified as non-white, while citizen representations were light-skinned, evaluated positively, and classified as white. Legality further differentiated immigrant representations: documentation conjured positive representations, illegality conjured threatening representations. In a similarity task, participants used faces’ pixel luminance (e.g., skin color) and perceived American-ness to sort unlabeled faces by documentation status, confirming their representational distinctions. Illegalized immigrants were uniquely racialized as dark-skinned un- American threats, highlighting the continued impact of U.S. imperial projects and colorism in shaping representations of migrant illegality.

The Impact of Visual Stereotypes on Judgments about Rape

2016 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 133-140
Author(s):  
Robert Busching ◽  
Johannes Lutz
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representations ◽  
Irrelevant Information ◽  
Clear Distinction ◽  
Rape Myth ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Reverse Correlation ◽  
Correlation Technique ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Legal Judgments ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Legally irrelevant information like facial features is used to form judgments about rape cases. Using a reverse-correlation technique, it is possible to visualize criminal stereotypes and test whether these representations influence judgments. In the first step, images of the stereotypical faces of a rapist, a thief, and a lifesaver were generated. These images showed a clear distinction between the lifesaver and the two criminal representations, but the criminal representations were rather similar. In the next step, the images were presented together with rape scenarios, and participants (N = 153) indicated the defendant’s level of liability. Participants with high rape myth acceptance scores attributed a lower level of liability to a defendant who resembled a stereotypical lifesaver. However, no specific effects of the image of the stereotypical rapist compared to the stereotypical thief were found. We discuss the findings with respect to the influence of visual stereotypes on legal judgments and the nature of these mental representations.

Affirmative Action and Leadership Attitudes in Brazilian Women Managers

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gazi Islam ◽  
Sarah E. S. Zilenovsky
Keyword(s):  
Affirmative Action ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Women Managers ◽  
Psychological Effects ◽  
Preferential Selection ◽  
Justice Perceptions ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Relationship

This note examines the relationship between affirmative action (AA) program perceptions and women’s self-ascribed capacity and desire to become leaders. We propose that women who believe that their organization implements a program of preferential selection toward women will experience negative psychological effects leading to lowered self-expectations for leadership, but that this effect will be moderated by their justice perceptions of AA programs. We test this proposition empirically for the first time with a Latin American female sample. Among Brazilian women managers, desire but not self-ascribed capacity to lead was reduced when they believed an AA policy was in place. Both desire’s and capacity’s relationships with belief in an AA policy were moderated by justice perceptions.

Resilient Factors in Students with Disabilities

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gustavo Rafael Escobar Delgado ◽  
Anicia Katherine Tarazona Meza ◽  
Andy Einstein García García
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Disabled Students ◽  
Low Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin American Population

The research analyzes the relationship between factors of resilience and academic performance in disabled students studying at the Technical University of Manabí. It is a correlational descriptive study conducted with a population of 88 disabled students, of which two groups were selected, one with high academic performance and the other with low performance. A questionnaire was designed and applied to determine the level of quality of life and risk factors of adolescents. Resilience was measured with the SV-RES scale created for the Latin American population.

U.S.-RUSSIAN RELATIONS IN THE SHADOW OF THE 1999 KOSOVO WAR

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1/2020) ◽  
pp. 11-31
Author(s):  
Mladen Lisanin
Keyword(s):  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
European Security ◽  
Security Relations ◽  
War Experience ◽  
Nato Bombing ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Kosovo War ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Out Of Area ◽  
The U.S

The paper examines the changing relations between the U.S. and Russia since the end of the twentieth century, shaped by the experience of NATO’s war with Federal Republic of Yugoslavia over Kosovo. The first decade after the termination of the Cold War brought about the American ‘unipolar moment’, and with it the attempt of Russian political elites to approach the unipole and find a sustainable modus vivendi with it: the relationship between Yeltsin and Clinton administrations is a vivid example of such endeavors. At the same time, policies such as NATO expansion induced suspicion on the Russian side with regard to the possibilities of achieving an understanding and allowing Russia to become a legitimate part of European security architecture. When, in March of 1999, NATO began with the attacks against FRY (a country perceived as traditionally friendly towards Russia) without the consent of the United Nations Security Council, a long shadow was cast over the prospects of a Russian – American rapprochement. All subsequent episodes of cooperation and competition between Russia and the U.S. have been observed through the lens shaped by the Kosovo war. Drawing from contemporary Russian and western academic literature and memoir materials (Primakov, Guskova, Narochnitska, Baranovsky, Tsygankov, Sushenkov; Wohlforth, Walt, Clarke, Hill, Galen Carpenter et al.) and building upon the traditional realist concepts of great power competition and balancing, the author assesses the development of U.S.-Russian security relations in the context the Kosovo war experience. It is argued that, in addition to being an attack against a country perceived as a traditional Russian friend or protégé, NATO bombing of FRY in 1999 posed a major concern to Russia because it was a signal that the alliance was ready to change its strategic posture and engage in out-of-area operations.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document