scholarly journals Eye movements in real-world scene photographs: General characteristics and effects of viewing task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Cronin ◽  
Elizabeth Hall ◽  
Jessica E. Goold ◽  
Taylor Hayes ◽  
John M. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Real World ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Saccade Latency ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Aesthetic Judgement ◽  
Initial Saccade ◽  
Large N ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Future Work

The present study examines eye movement behavior in real-world scenes with a large (N=100) sample. We report baseline measures of eye movement behavior in our sample, including mean fixation duration, saccade amplitude, and initial saccade latency. We also characterize how eye movement behaviors change over the course of a 12 second trial. These baseline measures will be of use to future work studying eye movement behavior in scenes in a variety of literatures. We also examine effects of viewing task on when and where the eyes move in real-world scenes: participants engaged in a memorization and an aesthetic judgement task while viewing 100 scenes. While we find no difference at the mean-level between the two tasks, temporal- and distribution-level analyses reveal significant task-driven differences in eye movement behavior.

scholarly journals Time Course and Hazard Function: A Distributional Analysis of Fixation Duration in Reading

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Feng
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Hazard Function ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Reading Processes ◽  
Duration Distribution ◽  
The Mean ◽  
High Level

Reading processes affect not only the mean of fixation duration but also its distribution function. This paper introduces a set of hypotheses that link the timing and strength of a reading process to the hazard function of a fixation duration distribution. Analyses based on large corpora of reading eye movements show a surprisingly robust hazard function across languages, age, individual differences, and a number of processing variables. The data suggest that eye movements are generated stochastically based on a stereotyped time course that is independent of reading variables. High-level reading processes, however, modulate eye movement programming by increasing or decreasing the momentary saccade rate during a narrow time window. Implications to theories and analyses of reading eye movement are discussed.

scholarly journals Mixed Responses: Why Readers Spend Less Time at Unfavorable Landing Positions

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary Feng
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Mixture Model ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Efference Copy ◽  
Normal Reading ◽  
Limited Support ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mixed Responses ◽  
Theories Of Reading

This paper investigates why the average fixation duration tends to decrease from the center to the two ends of a word. Specifically, it examines (a) whether unfavorable landing positions trigger a corrective mechanism, (b) whether the triggering is based on the internal efference copy mechanism, and (c) whether the corrective mechanism is specific to fixations that missed their targeted words. To estimate the mean and proportion of the corrective fixations, a 3-parameter mixture model was fitted to distributions of first fixation duration from two large eye movement databases in studies 1 and 2. Study 3 experimentally created mislocated fixations using a gaze-contingent screen shift paradigm. There is little evidence for the efference copy mechanism and limited support for the mislocated fixations hypothesis. Overall, data suggest a process that terminates fixations sooner than would during normal reading; it is triggered by the visual input during a fixation, and is flexibly engaged at eccentric landing positions and in reading short words. Implications to theories of reading eye movements are discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Point of Aim on the Accuracy and Eye Movement Behavior in Bowling: A Pilot Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Jongil Lim ◽  
Seung Ho Chang ◽  
Adriane Cris Tomimbang
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movement ◽  
Fixation Duration ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Target Distance ◽  
Movement Behavior ◽  
Movement Initiation ◽  
Visual Targets ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Visual Fixations

Background: A common research question in far-target aiming has been the importance and significance of the final visual fixation before movement initiation. In rolling tasks, such as 10-pin bowling, location of point of aim needs not be at the final target, the pins, but may be located at any point along the trajectory of the ball. Objective: Specific interest in the present experiment has focused on the relationship between visual point of aim and performance accuracy, and the relationship of visual control strategies utilized by expert performers. Methods: Skilled bowlers (N=7) performed 20 trials per condition concentrating on visual targets in different distances along the bowling lane (20, 40, 60 feet, and self-selected). Ball trajectory was tracked using a video based system and eye movement was measured using an eye tracking system. Results: Deviation of the ball from the visual target increased with visual target distance, while deviation of the ball from the pins was the lowest in the self-selected visual targets, followed by aiming at the pins. The final fixation duration before movement initiation was not associated with ball accuracy regardless of visual target locations. However, results demonstrated the association between final fixation duration task difficulty, that is, longer final fixation duration with increased visual target distance. Conclusion: The results indicate that visual fixations before movement initiation are uncharacteristically long while visual fixations just before the completion of the movement are relatively short.

Searching for O: Evidence for cognitive control in eye-movement behavior

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Polina M. Vanyukov ◽  
Erik D. Reichle ◽  
Tessa Warren
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Movement Behavior

scholarly journals AB1346-HPR REAL-WORLD EFFECTIVENESS AND PERCEIVED USEFULNESS OF SYMPTOM CHECKERS IN RHEUMATOLOGY: INTERIM REPORT FROM THE PROSPECTIVE MULTICENTER BETTER STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 1961.1-1961
Author(s):  
J. Knitza ◽  
J. Mohn ◽  
C. Bergmann ◽  
E. Kampylafka ◽  
M. Hagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Accuracy ◽  
Real World ◽  
Search Engines ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Perceived Usefulness ◽  
Symptom Duration ◽  
Research Support ◽  
Link Type ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Research Grant

Background:Symptom checkers (SC) promise to reduce diagnostic delay, misdiagnosis and effectively guide patients through healthcare systems. They are increasingly used, however little evidence exists about their real-life effectiveness.Objectives:The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy, usage time, usability and perceived usefulness of two promising SC, ADA (www.ada.com) and Rheport (www.rheport.de). Furthermore, symptom duration and previous symptom checking was recorded.Methods:Cross-sectional interim clinical data from the first of three recruiting centers from the prospective, real-world, multicenter bETTeR-study (DKRS DRKS00017642) was used. Patients newly presenting to a secondary rheumatology outpatient clinic between September and December 2019 completed the ADA and Rheport SC. The time and answers were recorded and compared to the patient’s actual diagnosis. ADA provides up to 5 disease suggestions, Rheport calculates a risk score for rheumatic musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) (≥1=RMD). For both SC the sensitivity, specificity was calculated regarding RMDs. Furthermore, patients completed a survey evaluating the SC usability using the system usability scale (SUS), perceived usefulness, previous symptom checking and symptom duration.Results:Of the 129 consecutive patients approached, 97 agreed to participate. 38% (37/97) of the presenting patients presented with an RMD (Figure 1). Mean symptom duration was 146 weeks and a mean number of 10 physician contacts occurred previously, to evaluate current symptoms. 56% (54/96) had previously checked their symptoms on the internet using search engines, spending a mean of 6 hours. Rheport showed a sensitivity of 49% (18/37) and specificity of 58% (35/60) concerning RMDs. ADA’s top 1 and top 5 disease suggestions concerning RMD showed a sensitivity of 43% (16/37) and 54% (20/37) and a specificity of 58% (35/60) and 52% (31/60), respectively. ADA listed the correct diagnosis of the patients with RMDs first or within the first 5 disease suggestions in 19% (7/37) and 30% (11/37), respectively. The average perceived usefulness for checking symptoms using ADA, internet search engines and Rheport was 3.0, 3.5 and 3.1 on a visual analog scale from 1-5 (5=very useful). 61% (59/96) and 64% (61/96) would recommend using ADA and Rheport, respectively. The mean SUS score of ADA and Rheport was 72/100 and 73/100. The mean usage time for ADA and Rheport was 8 and 9 minutes, respectively.Conclusion:This is the first prospective, real-world, multicenter study evaluating the diagnostic accuracy and other features of two currently used SC in rheumatology. These interim results suggest that diagnostic accuracy is limited, however SC are well accepted among patients and in some cases, correct diagnosis can be provided out of the pocket within few minutes, saving valuable time.Figure:Acknowledgments:This study was supported by an unrestricted research grant from Novartis.Disclosure of Interests:Johannes Knitza Grant/research support from: Research Grant: Novartis, Jacob Mohn: None declared, Christina Bergmann: None declared, Eleni Kampylafka Speakers bureau: Novartis, BMS, Janssen, Melanie Hagen: None declared, Daniela Bohr: None declared, Elizabeth Araujo Speakers bureau: Novartis, Lilly, Abbott, Matthias Englbrecht Grant/research support from: Roche Pharma, Chugai Pharma Europe, Consultant of: AbbVie, Roche Pharma, RheumaDatenRhePort GbR, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Celgene, Chugai Pharma Europe, Lilly, Mundipharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche Pharma, UCB, David Simon Grant/research support from: Else Kröner-Memorial Scholarship, Novartis, Consultant of: Novartis, Lilly, Arnd Kleyer Consultant of: Lilly, Gilead, Novartis,Abbvie, Speakers bureau: Novartis, Lilly, Timo Meinderink: None declared, Wolfgang Vorbrüggen: None declared, Cay-Benedict von der Decken: None declared, Stefan Kleinert Shareholder of: Morphosys, Grant/research support from: Novartis, Consultant of: Novartis, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Novartis, Celgene, Roche, Chugai, Janssen, Andreas Ramming Grant/research support from: Pfizer, Novartis, Consultant of: Boehringer Ingelheim, Novartis, Gilead, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, Janssen, Jörg Distler Grant/research support from: Boehringer Ingelheim, Consultant of: Boehringer Ingelheim, Paid instructor for: Boehringer Ingelheim, Speakers bureau: Boehringer Ingelheim, Peter Bartz-Bazzanella: None declared, Georg Schett Speakers bureau: AbbVie, BMS, Celgene, Janssen, Eli Lilly, Novartis, Roche and UCB, Axel Hueber Grant/research support from: Novartis, Lilly, Pfizer, Consultant of: Abbvie, BMS, Celgene, Gilead, GSK, Lilly, Novartis, Speakers bureau: GSK, Lilly, Novartis, Martin Welcker Grant/research support from: Abbvie, Novartis, UCB, Hexal, BMS, Lilly, Roche, Celgene, Sanofi, Consultant of: Abbvie, Actelion, Aescu, Amgen, Celgene, Hexal, Janssen, Medac, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, UCB, Speakers bureau: Abbvie, Aescu, Amgen, Biogen, Berlin Chemie, Celgene, GSK, Hexal, Mylan, Novartis, Pfizer, UCB

scholarly journals Real-world effectiveness of app-based treatment for urinary incontinence: a cohort study

BMJ Open ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e040819
Author(s):  
Pontus Rygh ◽  
Ina Asklund ◽  
Eva Samuelsson
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Incontinence ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Real World ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Pelvic Floor Muscle ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
International Consultation ◽  
The Mean

ObjectivesThe efficacy of app-based treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) has been demonstrated in a randomised controlled trial (RCT). In this study, we investigate the user characteristics and the effectiveness of the same app when freely available, and compare these results with the RCT.DesignProspective cohort study.ParticipantsDuring a 17-month period, 24 602 non-pregnant, non-postpartum women older than 18 years downloaded the app and responded anonymously to a questionnaire. Of these, 2672 (11%) responded to the 3-month follow-up.InterventionThree months’ use of the app Tät, containing information, a pelvic floor muscle training programme and lifestyle advice.Main outcome measuresChange in symptom severity (International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF)) and subjective improvement (Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I)).ResultsOf the respondents, 88% lived in Sweden and 75% (18 384/24 602) were incontinent with a mean age of 45.5 (SD 14.1) years. The UI types, based on symptoms, were SUI (53%), urgency UI (12%), mixed UI (31%) and undefined (4%). The mean ICIQ-UI SF score was 8.2 (SD 4.0) at baseline. The mean ICIQ-UI SF score reduction at follow-up was 1.31 (95% CI: 1.19 to 1.44) with a larger reduction in those with more severe incontinence at baseline (severe/very severe 3.23 (95% CI: 2.85 to 3.61), moderate 1.41 (95% CI: 1.24 to 1.59) and slight 0.24 (95% CI 0.06 to 0.42). When the results were weighted to match the distribution of severity in the RCT, the ICIQ-UI SF score reduction was 2.2 compared with 3.9 in the RCT. Regarding PGI-I, 65% experienced improvement compared with 92% in the RCT.ConclusionsThe app Tät was effective for self-management of UI even in the real world. Although the reduction in incontinence symptoms was less than in the RCT, two-thirds of the users improved. App-based treatment reaches many women without requiring resources from ordinary healthcare services.

Baseline characteristics and clinical features of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: a European real-world, non-interventional registry study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
U Zeymer ◽  
L.H Lund ◽  
V Barrios ◽  
C Fonseca ◽  
A.L Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Real World ◽  
Nyha Class ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Class Iii ◽  
Reduced Ejection Fraction ◽  
Cardioverter Defibrillator ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) is a major medical and economic burden that is often managed in office based practices. Recently, the angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) sacubitril/valsartan (S/V) was introduced as novel therapeutic option into European guidelines for the management of HF. The ARIADNE registry aims to provide information on how outpatients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) are managed in Europe, in light of this novel treatment option. Methods ARIADNE was a prospective registry of patients with HFrEF treated by office-based cardiologists (OBC) or selected primary care physicians (recognized as HF specialists; PCP) in a real world setting. HFrEF patients were included prospectively, independently of whether treatment had been changed recently or not. 9069 patients were recruited from 687 centres in 17 European countries. Results The mean age of all patients was 68.1 years (S/V: 67.3 years, Non-S/V: 68.9 years). The majority of patients were in NYHA class II (61.3%), or NYHA class III (37.1%) overall, while more patients in the S/V group showed NYHA class III (S/V: 42.8%, Non-S/V: 30.9%). Mean LVEF was slightly lower in the S/V group than in the Non-S/V group (S/V: 32.7%, Non-S/V: 35.4%, overall 34.0%). The most frequently observed signs of HF were dyspnoea upon effort, followed by fatigue, palpitations on exertion at baseline. More patients tend to have more severe symptoms in the S/V groups (e.g. for dyspnoea on effort, Non-S/V: moderate 40.8%, severe 8.6%; S/V: moderate 46.4%, severe 14.1%). 44.0% of patients from the S/V group and 39.3% of non-S/V patients reported at least one hospitalization within 12 months prior to baseline, of which 73.3% in S/V and 69.9% in non-S/V patients were due to HF., At baseline, 44.7% of the patients used a CV device, of which most were implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD: Non-S/V 54.2%, S/V: 52.8%), implantable cardioverter defibrillator (CRT-ICD:Non-S/V 21.9%, S/V: 27.0%), and pacemaker (Non-S/V: 13.4%, S/V: 10.5%). The mean KCCQ overall summary score was 62.6 in the S/V group and 69.5 in the Non-S/V group at baseline. 83.9% of patients were treated with ARB or ACEi in Non-S/V group, (ACEi 57.3%, ARB 26.9%). The most frequently taken drug combinations in either group were ACEi/ ARB or S/V with β -blockers (Non-S/V 69.3%, S/V 67.3%). 40.2% in the Non-S/V group and 42.9% in S/V groups used a combination of ACEi/ARB or S/V, β-blocker and MRA. Conclusions The ARIADNE prospective registry provides insights and reflects variations in HF treatment practices in outpatients in Europe and the way S/V was introduced by OBCs and specialized PCPs in a real-world setting. In the observed population, S/V is more often prescribed to slightly younger patients with slightly lower LVEF, there was a greater observed percentage of S/V patients NYHA class III, with lower quality of life measurements and with more severe symptoms and recent hospitalizations for heart failure. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Private company. Main funding source(s): Novartis Pharma AG

A Modified CGM Algorithm Enhances Data Availability While Retaining iCGM Performance

2021 ◽  
pp. 193229682110075
Author(s):  
Rebecca A. Harvey Towers ◽  
Xiaohe Zhang ◽  
Rasoul Yousefi ◽  
Ghazaleh Esmaili ◽  
Liang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Integration ◽  
Patient Experience ◽  
Real World ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Sensor Error ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Data Gap ◽  
Improve Patient

The algorithm for the Dexcom G6 CGM System was enhanced to retain accuracy while reducing the frequency and duration of sensor error. The new algorithm was evaluated by post-processing raw signals collected from G6 pivotal trials (NCT02880267) and by assessing the difference in data availability after a limited, real-world launch. Accuracy was comparable with the new algorithm—the overall %20/20 was 91.7% before and 91.8% after the algorithm modification; MARD was unchanged. The mean data gap due to sensor error nearly halved and total time spent in sensor error decreased by 59%. A limited field launch showed similar results, with a 43% decrease in total time spent in sensor error. Increased data availability may improve patient experience and CGM data integration into insulin delivery systems.

scholarly journals Real-World Clinical Outcomes Associated with Canagliflozin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Spain: The Real-Wecan Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 2275
Author(s):  
Juan J. Gorgojo-Martínez ◽  
Manuel A. Gargallo-Fernández ◽  
Alba Galdón Sanz-Pastor ◽  
Teresa Antón-Bravo ◽  
Miguel Brito-Sanfiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Real World ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Baseline Hba1c ◽  
Real World Setting ◽  
Antihyperglycemic Therapy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hba1c Levels

The aims of this multicentric retrospective study were to assess in a real-world setting the effectiveness and safety of canagliflozin 100 mg/d (CANA100) as an add-on to the background antihyperglycemic therapy, and to evaluate the intensification of prior sodium–glucose co-transporter type 2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i) therapy by switching to canagliflozin 300 mg/d (CANA300) in patients with T2DM. One cohort of SGLT2i-naïve patients with T2DM who were initiated on CANA100 and a second cohort of patients with prior background SGLT-2i therapy who switched to CANA300 were included in the study. The primary outcome of the study was the mean change in HbA1c over the follow-up time. In total, 583 patients were included—279 in the cohort of CANA100 (HbA1c 8.05%, weight 94.9 kg) and 304 in the cohort of CANA300 (HbA1c 7.51%, weight 92.0 kg). Median follow-up periods in both cohorts were 9.1 and 15.4 months respectively. CANA100 was associated to significant reductions in HbA1c (−0.90%) and weight (−4.1 kg) at the end of the follow-up. In those patients with baseline HbA1c > 8% (mean 9.25%), CANA100 lowered HbA1c levels by 1.51%. In the second cohort, patients switching to CANA300 experienced a significant decrease in HbA1c (−0.35%) and weight (−2.1 kg). In those patients with baseline HbA1c > 8% (mean 8.94%), CANA300 lowered HbA1c levels by 1.12%. There were significant improvements in blood pressure in both cohorts. No unexpected adverse events were reported. In summary, CANA100 (as an add-on therapy) and CANA300 (switching from prior SGLT-2i therapy) significantly improved several cardiometabolic parameters in patients with T2DM.

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