scholarly journals Validating Mouse-Tracking: How Design Factors Influence Action Dynamics in Intertemporal Decision Making

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schoemann ◽  
Malte Lüken ◽  
Tobias Grage ◽  
Pascal J. Kieslich ◽  
Stefan Scherbaum
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Cognitive Effects ◽  
Continuous Processing ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Mouse Movements ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tracing Method

Mouse-tracking is an increasingly popular process-tracing method. It builds on the assumption that the continuity of cognitive processing leaks into the continuity of mouse movements. As this assumption is the prerequisite for a meaningful reverse inference, it is an important question whether the assumed interaction between continuous processing and movement might be influenced by the methodological setup of the measurement. Here, we study the impact of three commonly occurring methodological variations on the quality of mouse-tracking measures, and hence, the reported cognitive effects. We used a mouse-tracking version of a classical intertemporal choice task that had previously been used to examine the dynamics of temporal discounting and the date-delay effect (Dshemuchadse, Scherbaum, & Goschke, 2013). The data from this previous study also served as a benchmark condition in our experimental design. Between studies, we varied the starting procedure. Within the new study, we varied the response procedure and the stimuli position. The starting procedure had the strongest influence on common mouse-tracking measures and therefore the cognitive effects. The effect of the response procedure and the stimuli position was weaker and less pronounced. The results suggest that the methodological setup crucially influences the interaction between continuous processing and mouse movement. We conclude that the methodological setup is of high importance for the validity of mouse-tracking as a process-tracing method. Finally, we discuss the need for standardized mouse-tracking setups for which we provide recommendations, and present two promising lines of research to obtain an evidence-based gold standard of mouse-tracking.

Cognitive Dynamics of Religiosity and Intertemporal Choice Behavior

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (9) ◽  
pp. 719-739
Author(s):  
Cinzia Calluso ◽  
Mohammad Amin Zandi ◽  
Maria Giovanna Devetag
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Association Test ◽  
Choice Behavior ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Cognitive Conflict ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Implicit Association ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Cognitive Dynamics

The preference for smaller-sooner rewards over larger-delayed ones (temporal discounting, TD) has been suggested to be influenced by religiosity, through its role in enhancing self-control. Here we investigate this issue in Muslims, Catholics, and two control groups of Italian and Iranian atheists, by measuring implicit religiosity (implicit association test, IAT) and the cognitive dynamics underlying TD (using mouse tracking). Results showed that Muslims are the most farsighted, while Catholics are the most shortsighted and both atheists’ groups fall in between these two extremes; additionally, these results are also shaped by implicit religiosity (IAT). Mouse tracking analyses reveal that Muslims show higher cognitive conflict compared to the other groups, which arises only in later stages of processing. This indicates that farsighted behavior in Muslims requires the recruitment of self-control in order to regulate intertemporal decision-making. Our findings suggest that the highly demanding religious precepts enforced in (most) Islamic communities may help strengthen self-control abilities.

Cognitive Processing of Miscommunication in Interactive Listening: An Evaluation of Listener Indecision and Cognitive Effort

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Roche ◽  
Arkady Zgonnikov ◽  
Laura M. Morett
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Mouse Tracking ◽  
Computer Mouse ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
Computer Mouse Tracking ◽  
Listening Task ◽  
Processing Effort

Purpose The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the social and cognitive underpinnings of miscommunication during an interactive listening task. Method An eye and computer mouse–tracking visual-world paradigm was used to investigate how a listener's cognitive effort (local and global) and decision-making processes were affected by a speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication. Results Experiments 1 and 2 found that an environmental cue that made a miscommunication more or less salient impacted listener language processing effort (eye-tracking). Experiment 2 also indicated that listeners may develop different processing heuristics dependent upon the speaker's use of ambiguity that led to a miscommunication, exerting a significant impact on cognition and decision making. We also found that perspective-taking effort and decision-making complexity metrics (computer mouse tracking) predict language processing effort, indicating that instances of miscommunication produced cognitive consequences of indecision, thinking, and cognitive pull. Conclusion Together, these results indicate that listeners behave both reciprocally and adaptively when miscommunications occur, but the way they respond is largely dependent upon the type of ambiguity and how often it is produced by the speaker.

Temporal Discounting Across Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendra Leigh Seaman ◽  
Sade J Abiodun ◽  
Zöe Fenn ◽  
Gregory Russell Samanez-Larkin ◽  
Rui Mata
Keyword(s):  
Age Differences ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Total N ◽  
Adult Age ◽  
Adult Age Differences ◽  
Choice Tasks

A number of developmental theories have been proposed that make differential predictions about the links between age and temporal discounting; that is, the valuation of rewards at different points in time. Most empirical studies examining adult age differences in temporal discounting have relied on economic intertemporal choice tasks, which pit choosing a smaller, sooner monetary reward against choosing a larger, later one. Although initial studies using these tasks suggested older adults discount less than younger adults, follow-up studies provided heterogeneous, and thus inconclusive, results. Using an open science approach, we test the replicability of adult age differences in temporal discounting by conducting a preregistered systematic literature search and meta-analysis of adult age differences in intertemporal choice tasks. Across 37 cross-sectional studies (Total N = 104,736), we found no reliable relation between age and temporal discounting (r = -0.081, 95% CI [-0.185, 0.025]). We also found little evidence of publication bias or p-hacking. Exploratory analyses of moderators found no effect of experimental design (e.g., extreme-group vs. continuous age), incentives (hypothetical vs. rewards), amount of delay (e.g., days, weeks, months, or years), or quantification of discounting behavior (e.g., proportion of immediate choices vs. parameters from computational modeling). Additional analyses of 12 participant-level data sets found little support for a nonlinear relation between age and temporal discounting across adulthood. Overall, the results suggest that adult age is not reliably associated with individual differences in temporal discounting. We provide recommendations for future empirical work on temporal discounting across the adult life span.

scholarly journals Validation of Cognitive Rehabilitation as a Balance Rehabilitation Strategy in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 314
Author(s):  
Aida Arroyo-Ferrer ◽  
Francisco José Sánchez-Cuesta ◽  
Yeray González-Zamorano ◽  
María Dolores del Castillo ◽  
Carolina Sastre-Barrios ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Rehabilitation ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Motor Symptoms ◽  
The Impact

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. This disease is characterized by motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, tremor, and rigidity. Although balance impairment is characteristic of advanced stages, it can be present with less intensity since the beginning of the disease. Approximately 60% of PD patients fall once a year and 40% recurrently. On the other hand, cognitive symptoms affect up to 20% of patients with PD in early stages and can even precede the onset of motor symptoms. There are cognitive requirements for balance and can be challenged when attention is diverted or reduced, linking a worse balance and a higher probability of falls with a slower cognitive processing speed and attentional problems. Cognitive rehabilitation of attention and processing speed can lead to an improvement in postural stability in patients with Parkinson’s. Methods: We present a parallel and controlled randomized clinical trial (RCT) to assess the impact on balance of a protocol based on cognitive rehabilitation focused on sustained attention through the NeuronUP platform (Neuronup SI, La Rioja, Spain) in patients with PD. For 4 weeks, patients in the experimental group will receive cognitive therapy three days a week while the control group will not receive any therapy. The protocol has been registered at trials.gov NCT04730466. Conclusions: Cognitive therapy efficacy on balance improvement may open the possibility of new rehabilitation strategies for prevention of falls in PD, reducing morbidity, and saving costs to the health care system.

Expanding Our “Frames” of Mind for Education and the Arts

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Groff
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Intelligences ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Arts Education ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Multiple Intelligences Theory ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

In this article, Jennifer Groff explores the role of the arts in education through the lens of current research in cognitive neuroscience and the impact of technology in today's digital world. She explains that although arts education has largely used multiple intelligences theory to substantiate its presence in classrooms and schools, this relationship has ultimately hindered the field of arts education's understanding of the relationship between the arts, human development, and learning. Emerging research on the brain's cognitive processing systems has led Groff to put forth a new theory of mind, whole-mindedness. Here she presents the evidence and construct for this frame of mind, how it sits in relation to multiple intelligences theory, and how it might redefine the justification for arts education in schools, particularly in our digitally and visually rich world.

scholarly journals Temporal discounting in adolescents and adults with Tourette syndrome

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0253620
Author(s):  
Canan Beate Schüller ◽  
Ben Jonathan Wagner ◽  
Thomas Schüller ◽  
Juan Carlos Baldermann ◽  
Daniel Huys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Positive Reinforcement ◽  
Intertemporal Choice ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Hyperbolic Discounting ◽  
Developmental Trajectory ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Functions ◽  
Male Subjects

Tourette syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with hyperactivity in dopaminergic networks. Dopaminergic hyperactivity in the basal ganglia has previously been linked to increased sensitivity to positive reinforcement and increases in choice impulsivity. In this study, we examine whether this extends to changes in temporal discounting, where impulsivity is operationalized as an increased preference for smaller-but-sooner over larger-but-later rewards. We assessed intertemporal choice in two studies including nineteen adolescents (age: mean[sd] = 14.21[±2.37], 13 male subjects) and twenty-five adult patients (age: mean[sd] = 29.88 [±9.03]; 19 male subjects) with Tourette syndrome and healthy age- and education matched controls. Computational modeling using exponential and hyperbolic discounting models via hierarchical Bayesian parameter estimation revealed reduced temporal discounting in adolescent patients, and no evidence for differences in adult patients. Results are discussed with respect to neural models of temporal discounting, dopaminergic alterations in Tourette syndrome and the developmental trajectory of temporal discounting. Specifically, adolescents might show attenuated discounting due to improved inhibitory functions that also affect choice impulsivity and/or the developmental trajectory of executive control functions. Future studies would benefit from a longitudinal approach to further elucidate the developmental trajectory of these effects.

Cognitive reserve moderates the impact of subcortical gray matter atrophy on neuropsychological status in multiple sclerosis

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M Modica ◽  
Niels Bergsland ◽  
Michael G Dwyer ◽  
Deepa P Ramasamy ◽  
Ellen Carl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Cognitive Reserve ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Brain Reserve ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Normal Controls

Background: Cognitive decline is characterized in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the rate and severity vary. The reserve hypothesis proposes that baseline neurological differences impact cognitive outcome in neurodegenerative disease. Objective: To elucidate how brain reserve and cognitive reserve influence subcortical gray matter (SCGM) atrophy and cognitive decline in MS over 3 years. Methods: Seventy-one MS patients and 23 normal controls underwent magnetic resonance imaging and cognitive assessment at baseline and 3-year follow-up. The influence of reserve on cognitive processing speed (CPS) and memory was examined. Results: SCGM volume and cognitive scores were lower in MS than normal controls ( P⩽0.001). Accounting for baseline, comparison of follow-up means yielded a difference between groups in SCGM volume ( P<0.001) but not cognition (NS). Cognitive reserve ( P=0.005), but not brain reserve, contributed to CPS, with only low cognitive reserve MS subjects showing decline in CPS ( P=0.029). SCGM change predicted CPS outcome in MS with low cognitive reserve ( P=0.002) but not high cognitive reserve. There were no effects in the domain of memory. Conclusions: SCGM atrophy occurs in normal controls, but significantly more so in MS. While CPS did not change in normal controls, low cognitive reserve was associated with CPS decline in MS. High cognitive reserve protect MS patients from cognitive decline related to SCGM atrophy.

Examining the Impact of Sexual Revictimization in a Sample of Veterans Undergoing Intensive PTSD Treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626051989733
Author(s):  
Vanessa Tirone ◽  
Dale Smith ◽  
Victoria L. Steigerwald ◽  
Jenna M. Bagley ◽  
Michael Brennan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processing ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Poor Mental Health ◽  
Treatment Seeking ◽  
Cognitive Processing Therapy ◽  
Depression Symptom ◽  
Symptom Change ◽  
Sexual Revictimization ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Predominately Female

Sexual revictimization refers to exposure to more than one incident of rape and is a known risk factor for poor mental health among civilians. This construct has been understudied among veterans. In addition, although individuals who have experienced revictimization generally have greater symptom severity than those who have experienced one rape, it is unclear whether these differences persist following treatment. This study examined differences between veterans who reported histories of revictimization ( n =111) or a single rape ( n = 45), over the course of a 3-week intensive cognitive processing therapy (CPT)-based treatment program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The sample consisted of predominately female (70.5%) post–9/11 veterans (82.7%). Self-reported PTSD and depression symptom severity were assessed regularly throughout the course of treatment. Controlling for non-interpersonal trauma exposure and whether veterans were seeking treatment for combat or military sexual trauma, sexual revictimization was generally associated with greater pretreatment distress and impairment. However, sexual revictimization did not impact rates of PTSD or depression symptom change over the course of intensive treatment, or overall improvement in these symptoms posttreatment. Our findings suggest that the rates of sexual revictimization are high among treatment-seeking veterans with PTSD. Although veteran survivors of sexual revictimization tend to enter treatment with higher levels of distress and impairment than their singly victimized peers, they are equally as likely to benefit from treatment.

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