scholarly journals A Cross-Cultural Study on the Cognitive Traits That Affect Hindsight Bias —Focusing on Holistic-Analytic Thinking and Conservatism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Jung
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Hindsight Bias ◽  
Multiple Regression Model ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Analytic Thinking ◽  
Holistic Thinking ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
East West

This study is an attempt to replicate a certain theory about the East-West cultural differences in cognitive tendencies. Nisbett (2003) theorized that there are cultural differences in cognitive styles between Eastern and Western societies, with Eastern societies tending towards holistic thinking and connecting objects through relationships and Western societies tending towards analytic thinking and sorting objects through categorization. Whereas Westerners tend to see the essence of nature itself, Easterners tend to focus on the harmony and interaction between humans and objects. As an extension of this claim, Choi and Nisbett (2000) indicate that Koreans have stronger hindsight bias than Westerners. However, this study successfully invalidated their studies, demonstrating that there was little East-West difference in the way of thinking and Koreans' strong hindsight bias resulted from their higher conservatism compared to Westerners. The results found no significant difference in hindsight bias between Koreans and Westerners. In addition, there was no East-West difference in categorization-relationship and essence-interaction preferences, although conservatism was found to be higher in Koreans than Westerners. The multiple regression model showed that the differences in such preferences did not affect hindsight bias and conservatism was the only factor that increased hindsight bias.

scholarly journals Cultural variations in global and local attention and eye-movement patterns during the perception of complex visual scenes: Comparison of Czech and Taiwanese university students

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0242501
Author(s):  
Jiří Čeněk ◽  
Jie-Li Tsai ◽  
Čeněk Šašinka
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Scene Perception ◽  
Cognitive Styles ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Movement Patterns ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Global And Local

Previous research on cross-cultural differences in visual attention has been inconclusive. Some studies have suggested the existence of systematic differences in global and local attention and context sensitivity, while others have produced negative or mixed results. The objective in this study was to examine the similarities and differences in holistic and analytic cognitive styles in a sample of Czech and Taiwanese university students. Two cognitive tasks were conducted: a Compound Figures Test and a free-viewing scene perception task which manipulated several focal objects and measured eye-movement patterns. An analysis of the reaction times in the Compound Figures Test showed no clear differences between either sample. An analysis of eye-movement metrics showed certain differences between the samples. While Czechs tended to focus relatively more on the focal objects measured by the number of fixations, the Taiwanese subjects spent more time fixating on the background. The results were consistent for scenes with one or two focal objects. The results of a correlation analysis of both tasks showed that they were unrelated. These results showed certain differences between the samples in visual perception but were not as systematic as the theory of holistic and analytic cognitive styles would suggest. An alternative model of cross-cultural differences in cognition and perception is discussed.

scholarly journals Strong Brand From Consumers’ Perspective: A Cross-Cultural Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenchen Li ◽  
Dongmei Li ◽  
Chi-Yue Chiu ◽  
Siqing Peng
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Chinese Consumers ◽  
Brand Strength ◽  
Strength Evaluation ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Using Data

The present research investigates cross-cultural differences in the characteristics associated with brand strength evaluation and the mechanism underlying these cultural differences. Using data from the United States and China, we found that American consumers judge brands with personal characteristics to be stronger than those with relational characteristics, while Chinese consumers show a reversed pattern. Furthermore, cultural differences in brand strength evaluation were salient only when consumers rated brands that were connected with their self-concepts, suggesting that cultural differences in brand strength evaluation ensue from consumers’ internalized preferences. Our findings have theoretical and practical implications for branding management and understanding the mechanism through which culture influences individual behaviors.

scholarly journals The Association between Negative and Dysexecutive Syndromes in Schizophrenia: A Cross-Cultural Study

2003 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 63-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ihara ◽  
G. E. Berrios ◽  
P. J. McKenna
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Dysexecutive Syndrome ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Behavioural Assessment ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Executive Deficits ◽  
Negative Syndrome ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examined the relationship between the ‘negative syndrome’ (NS) and the neuropsychological ‘dysexecutive syndrome’ (DES) in schizophrenia. The study also examined whether any relationship that exists between the NS and the DES holds equally for British and Japanese subjects. We compared 26 Japanese with 17 British schizophrenic patients, divided into ‘mild’ and ‘severe’ NS groups, on the basis of performance on neuropsychological tests, including the ‘Behavioural Assessment of Dysexecutive Syndrome’ (BADS). We found that patients with severe NS showed more everyday executive deficits than those with mild NS. The severity of NS was correlated with executive competence. The association between NS and the BADS performance was closer than that between NS and other conventional executive measures. These findings were not influenced by cultural differences between Japanese and British subjects, and, hence, suggested the existence of culture-neutral neurobehavioural processes.

Socio-Economic Status and Mental Morbidity in certain Tribes and Castes in India — a Cross-Cultural Study

1980 ◽  
Vol 136 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. N. Nandi ◽  
S. P. Mukherjee ◽  
G. C. Boral ◽  
G. Banerjee ◽  
A. Ghosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Survey ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Neurotic Disorders ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cultural Pattern ◽  
Caste Groups

SummaryThe authors made a field-survey of mental morbidity in all the tribal and caste groups residing in a cluster of villages in West Bengal, India, and found that, in each group, higher socio-economic classes had higher rates of mental morbidity. Different groups having a similar cultural pattern showed no significant difference in their rates of morbidity. Groups having different cultural patterns differed significantly in their rates of morbidity. In the tribal groups some neurotic disorders were absent.

scholarly journals Altruistic or Egocentric, or even Hypocritic? - A Cross-Cultural Study of the Safety Priority Choice of Autonomous Car

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Mizumoto ◽  
Ono, Shigeharu ◽  
Okazaki, Yumi ◽  
Kanetsuna, Keigo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Study ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Safety Priority ◽  
Japan And China

How should the autonomous car behave when faced with an unavoidable accident? In particular, in situations where either the driver or the pedestrian will inevitably be killed, whose safety should the autonomous car prioritize? There can be cases in which sacrificing the driver would be the best solution to maximize lives and minimize deaths. And we also need to consider the possibility that the victim could be ourselves. In this cross-cultural study with participants from US, Japan, and China, we investigated the drivers' safety setting preferences and found some interesting cultural differences in such preferences.

Yin-yang dialectics and communitarianism in cross-cultural management research

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 492-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao C. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Difference ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Management Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cultural Management ◽  
Organization And Management ◽  
Yin Yang ◽  
Cross Cultural Management ◽  
East West

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to comment on “Global implication of the indigenous epistemological system from the East: How to Apply yin-yang balancing to paradox management” by Li (2016). As a pioneer in developing indigenous Chinese management theories, Li has been focused on extracting essential principles of the Chinese yin-yang philosophy and applying them to organization and management phenomena within and outside China (Li, 1998, 2012, 2014a, b). In this paper (Li, 2016), Li sharpens his thinking on the unique attributes of the Chinese yin-yang balancing perspective so as to both distinguish it from and connect it to Western Aristotelian and Hegelian philosophies in regard to contradictions and paradoxes that are increasingly more prevalent in contemporary organizations. The author found Li’s paper thought provoking and highly relevant to cross-cultural management research. The author reflects on the yin and yang of the yin-yang perspective itself and discusses how it can be extended for theorizing about cross-cultural or inter-cultural management research. Design/methodology/approach Applying yin-yang dialectics on the East-West cultural differences, this commentary contends that the strengths and weaknesses of the cultural mindsets of the East and the West are relative and potentially complementary to each other, and seeks to balance and integrate Eastern and Western perspectives for theorizing and tackling cultural differences and conflicts in a globalized world. Findings On the basis of yin-yang dialectics on cultural differences, a communitarianism model is proposed for cross-cultural researchers to balance and integrate individualism and collectivism, a well-established East-West cultural difference. Originality/value The theoretical model of communitarianism builds upon but transcends either Eastern or Western cultural differences toward a viable global value system.

scholarly journals Cross-Cultural Differences in Creative Ideation: A Comparison between Singaporean and Portuguese Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98
Author(s):  
Georgios Koronis ◽  
Rianne Wally Meurzec ◽  
Arlindo Silva ◽  
Marco Leite ◽  
Elsa Henriques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Student Performance ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Educational Context ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fair Comparison ◽  
Consensual Assessment Technique ◽  
Creative Ideation ◽  
Different Cultures

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to compare the creative outcome in the educational context of students belonging to two different cultures, namely Singaporean and Portuguese and determine whether they respond differently to the same design brief. The participants from both samples equal 121 student designers and span from 18–25 years old. Students were randomly distributed within a uniform, standard of student performance, which allowed for fair comparison between groups. Expert judges were employed to judge the creativity of concept sketches generated during a Collaborative Sketching exercise. To evaluate the creative outcome, we employed the Consensual Assessment Technique based on a rubric-based system developed in our earlier works. The analysis of variance procedure revealed no statistically significant difference between the averaged total scores of the two groups on the appropriateness measure. However, the student designers from both samples showed statistically significant differences when provided with a baseline brief in the novelty measure. In consideration of the overall creativity scores, a relatively equivalent performance is observed across the two universities.

scholarly journals Altruistic or Egocentric, or even Hypocritic? - A Cross-Cultural Study of the Safety Priority Choice of Autonomous Car

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaharu Mizumoto ◽  
Ono, Shigeharu ◽  
Okazaki, Yumi ◽  
Kanetsuna, Keigo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Cultural Study ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Safety Priority ◽  
Japan And China

How should the autonomous car behave when faced with an unavoidable accident? In particular, in situations where either the driver or the pedestrian will inevitably be killed, whose safety should the autonomous car prioritize? There can be cases in which sacrificing the driver would be the best solution to maximize lives and minimize deaths. And we also need to consider the possibility that the victim could be ourselves. In this cross-cultural study with participants from US, Japan, and China, we investigated the drivers' safety setting preferences and found some interesting cultural differences in such preferences.

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