A Sequential Model of the Contribution of Preschool Fluid and Crystallized Cognitive Abilities to Later School Achievement

The present study documented in two distinct population-based samples the contribution of preschool fluid and crystallized cognitive abilities to later school achievement in primary school and examined the mediating role of crystallized abilities in this sequence of predictive associations. In both samples, participants were assessed on the same fluid and crystallized abilities at 63 months (sample 1) and 73 months (sample 2), and then regarding their school achievement in grade 1 to grade 6. Both preschool fluid and crystallized abilities were found to significantly predict school achievement, but only in the early school years. Through path analyses controlling for sex, maternal education and family income, preschool crystallized abilities mediated the association between early fluid abilities and later school achievement in the early grades of school. Crystallized abilities predicted early school achievement beyond fluid abilities, but not in the later grades. These results support the importance of early interventions aimed at both preschool fluid and crystallized abilities to prevent children from developing future school difficulties.

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Subsequent Higher Education After Adolescent Depression: A 15-Year Follow-Up Register Study

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.01.016 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 25 (7) ◽

pp. 396-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

U. Jonsson ◽

H. Bohman ◽

A. Hjern ◽

L. von Knorring ◽

G. Olsson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Socioeconomic Status ◽

School Performance ◽

Adolescent Depression ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Population Based ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

Swedish Population ◽

Early School

AbstractBackgroundAdolescent depression has been shown to have a range of adverse outcomes. We used longitudinal data to investigate subsequent higher education in former depressed adolescents.MethodA Swedish population-based investigation of depression in 16–17-year-olds was followed up in national registers 15 years later. Adolescents with depression (n = 361, 78% females) were compared to a group of non-depressed peers of the same age (n = 248, 77% females). The main outcome was graduation from higher education by age 30.ResultsThe adolescent with depression were less likely than their non-depressed peers to have graduated from higher education by age 30, both regarding females (27.7% vs. 36.4%, p < .05) and males (12.7% vs. 28.6%, p < .05). After adjustment for early school performance, socioeconomic status and maternal education, the decreased likelihood of subsequent graduation from higher education remained for depressed males (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.08–0.93) but not for depressed females (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.58–1.49).ConclusionContrary to what previous research has suggested, adolescent depression and its consequences might be particularly destructive to subsequent higher education in males.

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Predicting Early School Achievement With the EDI: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study

Early Education and Development ◽

10.1080/10409280701610796 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 18 (3) ◽

pp. 405-426 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

Nadine Forget-Dubois ◽

Jean-Pascal Lemelin ◽

Michel Boivin ◽

Ginette Dionne ◽

Jean R. Séguin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

School Achievement ◽

Population Based ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Early School

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Risk Factors for Delayed Immunization in a Random Sample of 1163 Children From Oregon and Washington

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.91.2.308 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 91 (2) ◽

pp. 308-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Janet Kay Bobo ◽

James L. Gale ◽

Purushottam B. Thapa ◽

Steven G. F. Wassilak

Keyword(s):

Birth Order ◽

Low Income ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Vaccine Coverage ◽

Logistic Models ◽

Vaccine Safety ◽

Population Based ◽

Extensive Study ◽

Coverage Rates

Despite extensive study of vaccine safety and decades of effort to immunize infants and toddlers, little is known about the comprehensiveness of vaccine coverage in US children younger than 2 years of age. Provider and parent data from a population-based sample of 1163 children from two states were analyzed to assess coverage rates at three ages and to evaluate characteristics of children and their families that predict failure to immunize on schedule. Overall, 78% of the children had received their first dose of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids with pertussis vaccine (DTP) and their first dose of oral poliovirus (OPV) by 92 days of age. Similarly, 77% had received their third dose of DTP and their second dose of OPV by their first birthday. However, by their second birthday only 60% had received the full series of four doses of DTP, three doses of OPV, and one dose of the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccines. When considered singly, several variables including child birth order, family income, maternal education, and marital status significantly predicted failure to immunize on schedule. In multivariate logistic models, only birth order and maternal education consistently predicted vaccine status at each of the three ages. Compared with first-born children, those who were later-born were 1.7 times more likely to be incompletely immunized at 2 years of age (95% confidence interval: 1.2, 2.3). Children of more educated mothers were significantly less likely to be underimmunized at all ages. These data highlight the general need to continue promoting immunizations to the broad population of US parents and a specific need to aggressively target children who are later-born or have unmarried, low-income, or poorly educated mothers.

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Breakfast eating and overweight in a pre-school population: is there a link?

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1079/phn2005867 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 436-442 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Lise Dubois ◽

Manon Girard ◽

Monique Potvin Kent

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Economic Status ◽

Population Based ◽

Economic Factors ◽

Immigrant Mothers ◽

Breakfast Eating ◽

Low Income Families ◽

Socio Economic Factors

AbstractObjectivesTo analyse the socio-economic factors related to breakfast eating, the association between breakfast eating and overweight, and to gain a more thorough understanding of the relationship between these two elements in a population-based cohort of 4.5-year-old children. We hypothesised that a relationship could be observed between breakfast skipping and overweight independently of socio-economic factors such as ethnicity, maternal education, single parenting and family income.DesignA population-based study whereby standardised nutritional interviews were conducted with each child's parent. The children's height and weight were taken by a trained nutritionist and parents were asked about their child's breakfast eating.SettingThe analyses were performed using data from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (1998–2002), conducted by Santé Québec (Canada).SubjectsSubjects were 1549 children between the ages of 44 and 56 months, with a mean age of 49 months.ResultsAlmost a tenth (9.8%) of the children did not eat breakfast every day. A greater proportion of children with immigrant mothers (19.4% vs. 8.3% from non-immigrant mothers), with mothers with no high school diploma (17.5% vs. <10% for higher educated mothers) and from low-income families (15% for income of $39 999 or less vs. 5–10% for better income) did not eat breakfast every day. Not eating breakfast every day nearly doubled the odds (odds ratio = 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.2–3.2) of being overweight at 4.5 years when mother's immigrant status, household income and number of overweight/obese parents were part of the analysis.ConclusionAlthough our results require replication before public policy changes can be advocated, encouraging breakfast consumption among pre-school children is probably warranted and targeting families of low socio-economic status could potentially help in the prevention of childhood obesity.

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Language development, metalinguistic awareness, and emergent literacy skills of 3-year-old children in relation to social class

Applied Psycholinguistics ◽

10.1017/s0142716400004501 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 15 (3) ◽

pp. 371-394 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

Carolyn Chaney

Keyword(s):

Language Development ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Family Literacy ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Metalinguistic Awareness ◽

Literacy Experiences ◽

Literacy Activities ◽

Concepts About Print ◽

Metalinguistic Skills

ABSTRACTThis is an investigation of the relationships among selected aspects of normal language development, emerging metalinguistic skills, concepts about print, and family literacy experiences in 3-year-old children who vary in their socioeconomic backgrounds. Forty-three normally developing children, whose family incomes ranged from under $10,000 to over $100,000, were given 4 tests of language development; 12 metalinguistic tasks measuring phonological awareness, word awareness, and structural awareness; and 2 measures of literacy knowledge. The children's family literacy experiences were described following a parent interview. The data analysis had two main purposes. The first was to examine the family literacy experiences of the children using a qualitative analysis. The second was to describe, in a quantitative way, the relationships among family literacy experiences, socioeconomic factors, language development, metalinguistic performance, and concepts about print. The interview data revealed that, while parents varied in the emphasis they placed on literacy activities, all of the children were at least somewhat involved in literacy activities at home; family report of literacy activities was associated with family income. Quantitative analyses revealed that amount of family literacy involvement and the children's race were related to oral language development, and language development was the most powerful predictor of metalinguistic awareness. When language development was controlled statistically, family literacy and socioeconomic factors had negligible effects on metalinguistic skills; however, knowledge of print concepts was related to metalinguistic performance, especially in the phonological domain, and was associated with the children's family literacy experiences, maternal education, and race.

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Social and Nonsocial Home Environments of Infants with Nonorganic Failure-to-Thrive

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.73.3.348 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 348-353

Author(s):

Patrick H. Casey ◽

Robert Bradley ◽

Betty Wortham

Keyword(s):

Life Events ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Function Analysis ◽

Failure To Thrive ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Clinical Syndrome ◽

Home Environments ◽

Maternal Acceptance ◽

Parent Attitude

Nonorganic failure-to-thrive (NOFT) is a clinical syndrome that is poorly understood and inadequately studied. Because empirical data are lacking, an attempt was made to identify differentiating aspects of the mother-infant interaction and environment of infants with NOFT compared with those of matched infants who grew normally. Prospectively, 23 infants who were suffering from NOFT were chosen in a referral clinic. Each infant was matched with a control subject with normal growth by age, sex, and race of the infant and family income, maternal education, and number of people living in the household. An assistant who was unaware of infant growth status visited the homes of these infants within 3 weeks of diagnosis and gathered: the Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME); the Coddington Life Events Record; and the Index of Parent Attitude Scales. The total HOME Inventory and the subscales entitled Maternal Acceptance of the Child, Organization of the Physical Environment, and Emotional Responsivity were significantly less favorable (P < .05) in the NOFT group. There were no group differences in the Life Events Record and the Parent Attitudes Scales. A discriminant function analysis correctly placed 32 of the 46 infants into failure-to-thrive and control groups. It is concluded that certain aspects of the home environments of infants with NOFT differ from those of infants of similar socioeconomic status who grow normally.

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FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI IBU DALAM PEMBERIAN ASI EKSKLUSIF DI DESA PUCANGANOM KECAMATAN GIRIWOYO KABUPATEN WONOGIRI

KOSALA : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan ◽

10.37831/jik.v3i2.72 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Sri Aminingsih ◽

Lucia Desi Puti

Keyword(s):

Breast Feeding ◽

Spiritual Development ◽

Maternal Education ◽

Family Income ◽

Work And Family ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exclusive Breast Feeding ◽

Second Child ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Mother’S Age

Background Breastfeeding will ensure babies stay healthy and start life in the most healthy. Breastfeeding is actually not only allows the baby to grow up to be healthy physically, but also more intelligent, stable had a emotional, spiritual development, and positivesocial development. Riskesdas 2010 coverage of exclusive breastfeeding in Indonesia is still far from the world average and still very far from the target of Healthy Indonesia 2010. In rural districts Pucanganom Giriwoyo of the initial interview 3 of 5 mothers to breastfeed exclusively, while 2 others are not breastfed exclusively with reasons having to work, lack of time and because of no discharge of breast milk.The purpose to find out the factors that affect the mother in exclusive breast feeding in the village of Pucanganom sub-district of Giriwoyo Regency Wonogiri.Method of this research is descriptive research. While the plan is cross sectional used to find out the factors that affect the mother in exclusive breast feeding. Then there searchers took data from respondents regarding the factors that affect breast feeding.The Result Factors that affect the exclusive breast feeding is the age of the mother, the mother's education, number of children, mother's work and family income. The most exclusive breast feeding on mother's age 26-45 years (83,33%), maternal education high school-undergraduate (70%), given on the first and second child(73,34%), employment of the mother as a homemaker (73,34%), and family income 1-3 million (76.67%).Conclusion the mother who does not work it's possible giving exclusive breast milk due to the considerable amount of time which can be used by the mother to nurture her baby even 24 hours time the mother could be given to her baby, therefore breast feeding can be done during the first 6 months of the birth ofthe baby.Keywords: Exclusive breast feeding

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Impact of ethnicity, unemployment and economy on mental disorders : A study from Western Nepal

Nepal Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.3126/nje.v4i1.10132 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 306-315

Author(s):

Indrajit Banerjee ◽

Indraneel Banerjee ◽

Bedanta Roy ◽

Brijesh Sathian ◽

Shovit Kadkha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Psychiatric Illness ◽

Family Income ◽

Mental Health Problems ◽

Psychiatric Patients ◽

Population Based ◽

Ethnic Variation ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Economic Class ◽

Specific Objective

Background: The causes of mental health problems and ethnic variation are poorlyunderstood. The main objective of the study was to find out about psychiatricdiseases which frequently occur in Western Nepal for which hospitalization isrequired. The specific objective was to research about theeconomic condition ofthe psychiatric patients and the prevalence of common psychiatric disorderwitnessed among hospitalized patients who belong to diverse ethnic and culturalgroups in Western Nepal. Materials and Methods: It was a cross sectional studywhich was conducted in between 1st October 2009 and 31th March 2010 between at Manipalteaching hospital, Pokhara, Nepal. Odds ratios and adjusted odds ratio andtheir 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. p < 0.05 wasconsidered as statistically significant. Results: Out of 240 cases the commonestcases of psychiatric disorders include Schizophrenia, Schizotypal and DelusionDisorders 36.3%, Mood Disorders 27.9%, Neurotic, stress-related and somatoformdisorders 15.8%. Study based on ethnicity revealed that the majority ofpatients were Dalit [n= 72] followed by Brahmin [n = 66], Chettri [n = 46],Newar [n = 19], Gurung [n = 17], others [n = 13] and Magar and Pun [n = 7].Most of the patients were <40yrs [n=191] unemployed [n=199], monthly familyincome <10000 NPR/month [n= 187], students [n = 102] housewives [n = 74,], job holders [n= 17]. Study showed that Mental and Behavioural disorder due toPsychoactive Substance abuse, Schizophrenia, Schizotypal and Delusion DisordersMood (Affective) Disorders, Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorderswere prevalent among unemployed patients [OR 8.170(CI 1.062, 62.853)], [OR3.033(CI 1.334, 6.897)], [OR 0.413(CI 0.199, 0.856)[OR 0.228(CI 0.089,0.583)]as compared to employed patients(p=0.001). Conclusion: Schizophrenia was the commonestpsychiatric disorder among the low socio-economic class of like Dalits. The study showed that culture based differences concerning mental health is furthermediated by poverty, unemployment and dearth of family income which leads tohigh prevalence of psychiatric illness among Nepalese population. Based on thefinding of the study, interventions should target these factors to minimise theload of various psychiatric illness among poor Dalit Nepalese population.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v4i1.10132Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2014;4 (1): 306-315Keywords:Culture, Ethnicity,Nepal, Psychiatry

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