scholarly journals Not by g alone: The benefits of a college education among individuals with low levels of general cognitive ability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matt McGue ◽  
Elise Lauren Anderson ◽  
Emily A Willoughby ◽  
Alexandros Giannelis ◽  
William G. Iacono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Graduates ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
College Education ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Personality Factors ◽  
Educational Success ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
College Attainment ◽  
Genetic Endowment ◽  
Low Levels

In a longitudinal sample of 2593 individuals, we investigated the frequency individuals with IQs ≤ 90 completed college and whether these individuals experienced the same social and economic benefits higher-IQ college graduates did. Although the majority of individuals with IQs ≤ 90 did not have a college degree, approximately one in three women and one in five men did. The magnitude of the college effect on occupational status, income, financial independence and law abidingness was independent of IQ level, a finding replicated using the longitudinal NLSY97 sample. Additional analyses suggested the association of college with occupational status was causal and that the educational success of individuals with low average IQs may depend on personality factors, family socioeconomic status and genetic endowment. We discuss our finding in the context of the recent expansion in college attainment as well as the dearth of research on individuals with low average IQs.

Risk, the College Premium, and Aggregate Human Capital Investment

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-213
Author(s):  
Kartik Athreya ◽  
Janice Eberly
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Graduate Students ◽  
College Readiness ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
College Education ◽  
College Attainment ◽  
Biased Technological Change ◽  
Quantitative Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
College Premium

Despite increases in the college earnings premium to persistently high levels, investment in college education remains low. We can understand this apparent puzzle by considering the risk of attending college and, in particular, the possibility of failing to graduate. Students with a reasonable probability of completing college already enroll, and for those who do not enroll, the low chance of completion blunts the impact of the rising college premium. In the absence of improved college readiness, our quantitative results suggest that continuing long-standing trends in skill-biased technological change can be expected primarily to increase earnings inequality rather than college attainment. (JEL E24, I22, I23, J24, J31, O33)

scholarly journals Hope of Recovery in Patients in the Terminal Phase of Cancer under Palliative and Hospice Care in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bożena Baczewska ◽  
Bogusław Block ◽  
Beata Kropornicka ◽  
Antoni Niedzielski ◽  
Maria Malm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Hospice Care ◽  
Terminal Phase ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Terminally Ill Cancer Patients ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Causal Treatment ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oncologic Therapy

Introduction. The objective of the presented research is to characterize hope in the situational dimension, i.e., health, in the patients with cancer in the terminal phase of the disease, being treated in hospices and palliative care centers. Hope is very important for all the patients, especially for patients with cancer in various phases of the disease. Giving up on oncologic therapy and causal treatment is often associated with a transition into palliative care. When death and a loss of values become a threat, the individual has got hope to rely on. Material and Methods. The study relies on the Test to Measure Hope in the Health Context (NCN-36) by B.L. Block. 246 patients in the terminal phase of cancer participated in the study. Results. The internal structure of hope of recovery in the patients’ group was varied. The patients showed low levels of hope of recovery since they do not believe in the effectiveness of treatment. They were also not convinced of the effectiveness of modifications in dieting, lifestyle, or the use of nonconventional medicine. They trusted the doctor in charge and were moderately satisfied with the therapy in use. The intensity of hope of recovery was on the low level in the patients in the terminal phase of cancer. Age, sex, place of living, and marital status had a significant influence on the level of hope of recovery. Variables such as living on one’s own or living with one’s family, socioeconomic status, education, or profession did not affect the level of hope of recovery. Conclusions. The presented results allowed as to conclude that the assessment of hope in terminally ill cancer patients can be considered as one of the important tools enabling the personalization and the improvement of palliative care.

Academic Achievement for Adults with Sickle Cell Disease Compared with Healthy Siblings

Blood ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 124 (21) ◽  
pp. 4936-4936
Author(s):  
Modupe Idowu ◽  
Solomon Badejoko ◽  
Paul Rowan ◽  
Harinder S. Juneja
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Academic Performance ◽  
Sickle Cell Disease ◽  
Sickle Cell ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
College Education ◽  
School Absenteeism ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Healthy Siblings

Abstract Introduction: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a disabling condition that affects about one out of every 500 African American births in the United States. Children and adolescents with SCD have high rates of school absenteeism and poor academic achievement, yet there are very few studies that have investigated the impact of SCD on adult patients’ academic achievement. Since SCD mostly affects individuals of African descent, the possible risk factors for poor academic achievement and school absenteeism are an intricate combination of disease, demographic, and socio-economic variables. Potential associates of poor academic performance and school absenteeism in adults with SCD include health-related (pain frequency and intensity, health-care utilization), psychosocial (support system, coping mechanism), and poverty (many with SCD have low socioeconomic status). The goal of this study is to compare SCD patients’ academic achievement and school absenteeism with their unaffected siblings. Patients and Methods: Forty adult SCD patients (28 hemoglobin SS, 8 hemoglobin SC, 1 Sβ0 and 3 Sβ+; age: median = 29, range 19-56 years; sex: 20 males, 20 females) completed questionnaires relating to their academic performance. Patients on chronic transfusion therapy and those with other disabling conditions unrelated to SCD were excluded. Surveys, gathered during routine clinic visits, assessed demographics, use of hydroxyurea, current school status, highest grade completed, average number of school days missed per different time periods, average number of exams missed per school year, academic goal, and academic satisfaction. The survey also asked the patient to provide the academic achievement information for a healthy sibling, if they had a sibling within five years of age. Additional clinical measures were gathered by chart review. These included number of days in the health care facilities for acute illness and for routine clinic appointments in the previous year, and SCD-related laboratory and tests results. Results: Twenty-three out of forty patients (57.5%) were on hydroxyurea therapy and 24/40 (60%) had 3 or more hospitalizations in the previous one year. Twenty-seven (68%) of patients reported missing at least one important exam each year. Thirty-four of the forty (85%) SCD patients reported missing school on average once per week while this is true of 8/40 (13%) of their healthy siblings (p < .001, all patient/sibling comparisons tested by McNemar’s Exact (binomial) test). Six out of forty SCD patients (15%) are college graduates as compared to 14/40 (35%) of their healthy siblings (p < .001). Twenty-one of the 34 SCD patients (62%) who are not college graduates reported that they had some college education. Six out of forty SCD patients (15%) are currently in school. Five out of forty (33%) SCD patients compared with 8/40 (43%) siblings have GED or less education (not statistically different, p= .55). Nineteen (48%) of the patients reported that they were not satisfied with their academic achievement. Conclusions: School absenteeism and poor academic achievement are profound for adult patients with SCD. There is a significant difference in the school absenteeism between SCD patients and their healthy siblings. It is important to note that 62% of patients who are not college graduate reported to have had some college education; disability accommodations seem very likely to assist higher-education goals. Our future studies will focus on developing specific interventions that may improve academic support and accommodation of SCD patients. This will certainly require collaboration between patients, families, medical providers, and educational institutions. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Does College Education Pay? Evidence From The NLSY-79 Data

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diamando Afxentiou ◽  
Paul Kutasovic
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
College Education ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Income Gap ◽  
High School Degree ◽  
And Gender ◽  
College Educated ◽  
Over Time

This study examines if the college wage premium favoring college graduates still exists. The NLSY-79 data is employed. The sample includes individuals who received their high school degree and college degree in 1980 and 1981. These individuals were followed until the year 2004. A cross sectional regression model was estimated for the years 1982, 1994, and 2004 and found that education, occupation, and gender were the primary determinants of wages. The income gap between college educated workers and high school educated workers has widen over time. Most interestingly, it is the stagnation of high school educated workers that accounts for the gap.

American Higher Education in Crisis?

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Goldie Blumenstyk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Public Perception ◽  
Business Models ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
College Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Sustainable Business ◽  
American Higher Education ◽  
Economic Stratification

American higher education is at a crossroads. Technological innovations and disruptive market forces are buffeting colleges and universities at the very time their financial structure grows increasingly fragile. Disinvestment by states has driven up tuition prices at public colleges, and student debt has reached a startling record-high of one trillion dollars. Cost-minded students and their families--and the public at large--are questioning the worth of a college education, even as study after study shows how important it is to economic and social mobility. And as elite institutions trim financial aid and change other business practices in search of more sustainable business models, racial and economic stratification in American higher education is only growing. In American Higher Education in Crisis?: What Everyone Needs to Know, Goldie Blumenstyk, who has been reporting on higher education trends for 25 years, guides readers through the forces and trends that have brought the education system to this point, and highlights some of the ways they will reshape America's colleges in the years to come. Blumenstyk hones in on debates over the value of post-secondary education, problems of affordability, and concerns about the growing economic divide. Fewer and fewer people can afford the constantly increasing tuition price of college, Blumenstyk shows, and yet college graduates in the United States now earn on average twice as much as those with only a high-school education. She also discusses faculty tenure and growing administrative bureaucracies on campuses; considers new demands for accountability such as those reflected in the U.S. Department of Education's College Scorecard; and questions how the money chase in big-time college athletics, revelations about colleges falsifying rankings data, and corporate-style presidential salaries have soured public perception. Higher education is facing a serious set of challenges, but solutions have also begun to emerge. Blumenstyk highlights how institutions are responding to the rise of alternative-educational opportunities and the new academic and business models that are appearing, and considers how the Obama administration and public organizations are working to address questions of affordability, diversity, and academic integrity. She addresses some of the advances in technology colleges are employing to attract and retain students; outlines emerging competency-based programs that are reshaping conceptions of a college degree, and offers readers a look at promising innovations that could alter the higher education landscape in the near future. An extremely timely and focused look at this embattled and evolving arena, this primer emphasizes how open-ended the conversation about higher education's future remains, and illuminates how big the stakes are for students, colleges, and the nation.

scholarly journals Use of Wearable Healthcare Devices by US adults: Patterns of Use and Key Predictors (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranganathan Chandrasekaran ◽  
Vipanchi Katthula ◽  
Evangelos Moustakas
Keyword(s):  
Self Efficacy ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
College Education ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Health Data ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Usage Patterns ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
Personal Demographics

BACKGROUND Despite growing popularity of wearable healthcare devices, we have limited understanding about the actual use of these devices by US adults and the key factors affecting the use. OBJECTIVE To examine the use of wearable healthcare devices by US adults, and key predictors of wearables' use. We examine predictors related to an individual’s health, technology self-efficacy and personal demographics and their associations with the use of wearable health devices. METHODS Using a national survey of 4551 respondents, we examine the usage patterns of wearable healthcare devices (use of wearables, frequency of their use and willingness to share health data from wearable with a provider), and a set of predictors that pertain to personal demographics (age, gender, race, education, marital status and household income), individual's health (general health, presence of chronic conditions, weight perceptions and frequency of provider visits, attitude towards exercise), and technology self-efficacy using logistic regression. RESULTS About 30% US adults use wearable healthcare devices. Among the users, nearly half (47.33%) use the devices every day with a majority (82.38%) willing to share the health data from wearables with their care providers. Women (16.25%), Whites (19.74%), adults aged between 18-50 (19.52%), those with some level of college education or college graduates (25.6%), and annual household incomes above $75K (17.66%) were most likely to report using wearable healthcare devices. We found that use of wearables declines with age: adults aged over 50 are less likely to use wearables as compared to those who are aged between 18-34 (Odds ratio OR values between 0.46 to 0.57. Women (OR = 1.26; 95% CI 0.96 -1.65), Whites (OR = 1.65; 95% CI 0.97 - 2.79), college graduates (OR = 1.05; 95% CI 0.31-3.51), and those annual household incomes above $75K (OR = 2.6; 95% CI 1.39 - 4.86 ) are more likely to use wearables. US adults who felt healthier (OR = 1.17; 95% CI 0.98 - 1.39), overweight (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 1.06-1.27), enjoyed exercise (OR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.06 - 1.43) and those with higher levels of technology self-efficacy (OR = 1.33; 95% CI 1.21 - 1.46) are more likely to adopt and use wearables for tracking or monitoring their health . CONCLUSIONS The potential of healthcare wearable devices is under realized with less than one-third of US adults actively using it. With only young, healthier, wealthier, educated, techno-literate adults using wearables, other groups have been left behind. More concentrated efforts by clinicians, device makers and healthcare policy makers are needed to bridge this divide and improve the use of wearable devices among larger sections of American society. CLINICALTRIAL

scholarly journals Gender Equity, Student Loans and Returns on Investment in American Higher Education

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amany Saleh ◽  
QianQian Yu ◽  
Steve H Leslie ◽  
John Seydel
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Gender Equity ◽  
College Graduates ◽  
Student Loans ◽  
College Education ◽  
Quantitative Model ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
American Higher Education ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Returns On Investment

This study examines practices that impact females’ earnings and, in particular, their ability to repay student loans. Salary inequities experienced by female college graduates along with student loans are addressed. The authors offer a quantitative model for highlighting the inequity in the American workforce considering female’s lower salaries and higher student loans by examining the payback period associated with the investment in college education. Results indicate that, while the payback period for investments on college loans is increasing for both males and females, this trend is significantly worse for females.

scholarly journals Racial and Ethnic Differentials in COVID-19-Related Job Exposures by Occupational Status in the US

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noreen Goldman ◽  
Anne R. Pebley ◽  
Keunbok Lee ◽  
Theresa Andrasfay ◽  
Boriana Pratt
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
College Education ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Racial And Ethnic Differences ◽  
Frontline Workers ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Related Risk ◽  
Lower Status

AbstractResearchers and journalists have argued that work-related factors may be partly responsible for disproportionate COVID-19 infection and death rates among vulnerable groups. We evaluate these claims by examining racial and ethnic differences in the likelihood of work-related exposure to COVID-19. We extend previous studies by considering 12 racial and ethnic groups and five types of potential occupational exposure to the virus: exposure to infection, physical proximity to others, face-to-face discussions, interactions with external customers and the public, and working indoors. Most importantly, we stratify our results by occupational status, defined as the proportion of workers within each occupation with some college education. This measure serves as a proxy for whether workplaces and workers employ significant COVID-19-related risk reduction strategies. We use the 2018 American Community Survey to identify recent workers by occupation, and link 409 occupations to information on work context from the Occupational Information Network to identify potential COVID-related risk factors. We then examine the racial/ethnic distribution of all frontline workers and frontline workers at highest potential risk of COVID-19, by occupational status and by sex. The results indicate that, contrary to expectation, White frontline workers are often overrepresented in high-risk jobs while Black and Latino frontline workers are generally underrepresented in these jobs. However, disaggregation of the results by occupational status shows that, in contrast to Whites and several Asian groups, Latino and Black frontline workers are overrepresented in lower status occupations overall and in lower status occupations associated with high risk, and are thus less likely to have adequate COVID-19 protections. Our findings suggest that greater work exposures likely contribute to a higher prevalence of COVID-19 among Latino and Black adults and underscore the need for measures to reduce potential exposure for workers in low status occupations and for the development of programs outside the workplace.

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