scholarly journals On the Robustness and Generality of the Correspondence Bias

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Don A Moore
Keyword(s):  
Full Information ◽  
Subtraction Problem ◽  
Correspondence Bias ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Influence Behavior

People routinely assume correspondence between acts and dispositions. This “correspondence bias” leads people to neglect the power of the situation to influence behavior. However, most of the research documenting the correspondence bias uses paradigms in which the situation operates in the background. The three studies presented here employ novel paradigms in which people have full information about the situation and its effect on behavior. We find that the bias persists in the face of debiasing treatments and even in situations where avoiding it amounts to a simple subtraction problem. We also find that the correspondence bias generalizes to inanimate objects. In light of this new evidence, we reconsider the psychological origins of the correspondence bias.

THEORY FROM CHAOS

Episteme ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 465-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dickson
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Scientific Theory ◽  
Agent Based Model ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Range Of Values

AbstractI explore an agent-based model of the development and dissemination of scientific theory that makes very little use of any pre-defined “social structure” (such as partnerships or collaborations). In these models, under a broad range of values of the parameters, widespread (but not universal) “agreement” about scientific theory emerges. Moreover, the residual disagreement turns out to be important to developing new theories in the face of new evidence.

CONTENTIOUS ELITES IN CHINA: NEW EVIDENCE AND APPROACHES

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor C. Shih
Keyword(s):  
Committee Member ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
Institution Building ◽  
Standing Committee ◽  
The Road ◽  
Elite Politics ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
The Face ◽  
On The Road ◽  
New Evidence

The purges of former Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang, former Central Military Commission Vice Chairman Xu Caihou, and the former head of the Central Committee Office Ling Jihua in 2014 re-excited a long-standing debate in the field of elite Chinese politics: how contentious is politics at the elite level? On the face of it, these purges, as well as the arrests of ninety nine senior officials associated with these three individuals and with other cases, seem to prove that elite politics remains highly contentious at the top (People's Daily 2015). This outcome was surprising considering that decades of institution building had taken place after the Cultural Revolution. However, proponents of institutionalized politics in the CCP argue that the leadership had a genuine desire to clean house, and that these arrests, even if politically motivated, instilled a renewed discipline in the party. Once the “bad apples” were eliminated, the leadership under Xi Jinping would have continued on the road of institutionalization (Li 2014). Cadre promotion institutions, regular meetings of the Politburo and its standing committee, party congresses, and retirement rules remain largely unaffected by the purges and will continue to ensure relatively harmonious decision making and predictable successions in the foreseeable future.

Towards a Normative Assessment of Probative Value in International Criminal Adjudication

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Karen McGregor Richmond
Keyword(s):  
International Criminal ◽  
Evaluation Criteria ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Evidential Reasoning ◽  
Criminal Trials ◽  
Normative Model ◽  
Probative Value ◽  
Hybrid Approaches ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Evidence

Abstract The trial is an epistemic event. Yet, the manner in which the probative value of legal evidence is calculated remains largely unarticulated. Thus, in the face of an urgent requirement to advance a normative model of evidential reasoning which serves the needs of decision-makers, practitioners, and experts, this article assesses the utility of three dominant approaches, founded upon the exposition of inferences, scenarios, and probabilities. These find expression in Wigmorean, Narrative, and Bayesian network models, and a number of hybrid approaches. Through an analysis and critique of the foregoing models, the article attempts to discern the optimal normative model of evidential reasoning to be applied in international criminal trials, consonant with Twining’s formulation of rational adjudication, and assessed in accordance with a set of rational evaluation criteria drawn from New Evidence scholarship and its historical forbears.

scholarly journals An Evaluation (and Vindication?) of Lewis Terman: What the Father of Gifted Education Can Teach the 21st Century

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell T. Warne
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Gifted Education ◽  
Ability Grouping ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Historical Record ◽  
Gifted Identification ◽  
Relevant Today ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Evidence

Lewis Terman is widely seen as the “father of gifted education,” yet his work is controversial. Terman’s “mixed legacy” includes the pioneering work in the creation of intelligence tests, the first large-scale longitudinal study, and the earliest discussions of gifted identification, curriculum, ability grouping, acceleration, and more. However, since the 1950s, Terman has been viewed as a sloppy thinker at best and a racist, sexist, and/or classist at worst. This article explores the most common criticisms of Terman’s legacy: an overemphasis on IQ, support for the meritocracy, and emphasizing genetic explanations for the origin of intelligence differences over environmental ones. Each of these criticisms is justified to some extent by the historical record, and each is relevant today. Frequently overlooked, however, is Terman’s willingness to form a strong opinion based on weak data. The article concludes with a discussion of the important lessons that Terman’s work has for modern educators and psychologists, including his contributions to psychometrics and gifted education, his willingness to modify his opinions in the face of new evidence, and his inventiveness and inclination to experiment. Terman’s legacy is complex, but one that provides insights that can enrich modern researchers and practitioners in these areas.

Vietnamese Ceramic Trade to the Philippines in the Seventeenth Century

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Nguyen-Long
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Contemporary Literature ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
East India Company ◽  
Archaeological Sites ◽  
Dutch East India Company ◽  
Island Southeast Asia ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Evidence

This paper examines the trade in ceramics from northern Vietnam into island Southeast Asia in the third quarter of the seventeenth century. It focuses on two issues: the question of typology of Vietnamese ceramics and the feasibility of these wares entering the southern Philippines during the years 1663–82. The compilation of an accurate typology has been inhibited by exceedingly brief descriptions in trade records, and the difficulty has been further compounded by the fact that although the Dutch East India Company (VOC) records show Vietnamese ceramics were imported into Batavia and dispersed to regional godowns, no material has yet been reported from either archaeological excavations or accidental finds in island Southeast Asia that can with certainty be ascribed to this era. Furthermore, items proposed in the ceramic literature as wares exported to Southeast Asia in the seventeenth century are, in the face of new evidence, no longer convincing. The typology put forward in this paper is based on VOC trade records and the contemporary literature. It broadly matches material from archaeological sites in Vietnam and in Japan that are from co-eval contexts. Previously untapped archaeological findings from Vietnam contribute a new dimension to this issue.

Power Seekers are Different: Further Biochemical Evidence

1986 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 261-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Political Science ◽  
Biological Property ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Social Dominance ◽  
Biochemical Marker ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Fundamental Significance ◽  
The Face ◽  
New Evidence

In an article previously published in this Review I demonstrated that power-seeking, by which I mean the pursuit of social dominance, has a biochemical marker, namely, whole blood serotonin (WBS). Those individuals who are especially hard-charging and competitive have especially high WBS levels. This paper presents the results from an investigation of dynamics in the response of high WBS individuals to actual competition. My expectation—that they would exhibit special physiological activation in the face of challenge—is fully borne out by the evidence. Four hormonal indicators of activation were followed in blood samples taken during a series of social competitions. All four show distinctive patterns for the high WBS group. These results, in addition to providing new evidence on the behavior of the endocrine system in competitive settings, impressively support the view that WBS is a biological property having fundamental significance for behavioral political science.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Learning of Verb Biases in Amnesia (Manuscript accepted to Brain & Language)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Anna Ryskin ◽  
Zhenghan Qi ◽  
Natalie V Covington ◽  
Melissa Duff ◽  
Sarah Brown-Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Sentence Processing ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Anterograde Amnesia ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Verb Bias ◽  
The Face ◽  
On Line ◽  
Dynamic Updating ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Online Sentence Processing

Verb bias--the co-occurrence frequencies between a verb and the syntactic structures it may appear with--is a critical and reliable linguistic cue for online sentence processing. In particular, listeners use this information to disambiguate sentences with multiple potential syntactic parses (e.g., Feel the frog with the feather.). Further, listeners dynamically update their representations of specific verbs in the face of new evidence about verb-structure co-occurrence. Yet, little is known about the biological memory systems that support the use and dynamic updating of verb bias. We propose that hippocampal-dependent declarative (relational) memory represents a likely candidate system because it has been implicated in the flexible binding of relational co-occurrences and in statistical learning. We explore this question by testing patients with severe and selective deficits in declarative memory (anterograde amnesia), and demographically matched healthy participants, in their on-line interpretation of ambiguous sentences and the ability to update their verb bias with experience. We find that (1) patients and their healthy counterparts use existing verb bias to successfully interpret on-line ambiguity, however (2) unlike healthy young adults, neither group updated these biases in response to recent exposure. These findings demonstrate that using existing representations of verb bias does not necessitate involvement of the declarative memory system, but leave open the question of whether the ability to update representations of verb-specific biases requires hippocampal engagement.

scholarly journals Audio and Visual Model for Real World Interaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 635-639
Author(s):  
Akarshak Bose
Keyword(s):  
Face Recognition ◽  
Real World ◽  
Voice Recognition ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Full Information ◽  
Visual Model ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Face ◽  
Stored Information ◽  
Recognition Technique

: Communication with the proper information can be helpful for any person to carry out conversations. The proposed system is to help people to interact freely with full information about the past conversations with the person they are meeting. The device UPAL will identify the face and voice of the person and will store necessary details about the meeting, by recording the conversations or by taking inputs from the user. Next time when the user meets the same person, the device will fetch the information from the storage that can be used for a comfortable conversation. UPAL is made up of a Camera and microphone that will use the Face recognition technique and voice recognition system to collect the data. A mobile-based application will be provided to the user for viewing, editing the stored information. UPAL will ensure smart conversation by guiding and reminding the user.

The Duke, The Professors, And the Great Coral Reef Controversy of 1887-1888

1988 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Stoddart
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Coral Reef ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Social Activity ◽  
British Science ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Face ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
New Evidence

In September 1887 the Duke of Argyll published an article entitled ‘A great lesson’ denouncing Darwin's coral reef theory and alleging that it continued to be supported in the face of new evidence contradicting it because of the authority of Darwin's name and the status of his disciples in British science. His attack touched off a robust correspondence in The Nineteenth Century which soon spread to Nature, and in which T. H. Huxley was the chief defender both of Darwin's views and of scientific procedures. Partly this controversy revolved around the interpretation of coral reefs themselves, but partly also it sprang from the resentment of scientists at the Duke's charge that they were swayed in their judgements by other than objective scientific criteria and modes of argument. The Duke was, in effect, anticipating later interpretations of science as a social activity, but as a result of the exaggerated and polemical nature of his contributions this insight was lost sight of as the scientists defended both their methods and Darwin's views. On the substantive question of the origin of coral reefs the Duke and his supporters were later shown to be largely wrong and Darwin largely right, and the incident did nothing to advance the understanding of the reefs. Had this discussion not eclipsed the Duke's point about the nature of reasoning and judgement in science, he might have made a more lasting contribution to the understanding of science itself.

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