Adolescent-specific motivation deficits in autism versus typical development

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dienke J. Bos ◽  
Benjamin Silver ◽  
Emily Barnes ◽  
Eliana L. Ajodan ◽  
Melanie R. Silverman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
False Alarms ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Present Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Adolescents With Autism

The present cross-sectional study tested for differences in motivation during adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood in autism. 156 typically developing individuals and 79 individuals with autism ages 10-30 years of age completed a go/nogo task with social and non-social cues. To assess age effects, linear (age increasing or decreasing) and quadratic (adolescent-specific) models were used. Consistent with prior studies, typically developing adolescents and young adults demonstrated more false alarms for positive relative to neutral social cues. In autism, there were no changes in attention across age for social or non-social cues. The lack of an age effect in autism suggests reduced orienting to motivating cues during adolescence and early adulthood. The findings provide an additional perspective to explain the unique challenges for adolescents with autism as well as difficulties with transitioning to adulthood.

scholarly journals Prevalence and determinants of obesity and overweight among college students of Gujarat, India: a cross sectional study

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 4522
Author(s):  
Saurabh Naranbhai Panchal ◽  
Akash Virendrabhai Agrawal ◽  
Nilesh Thakor
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Obesity And Overweight ◽  
Present Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Prevalence Of Obesity

Background: Early adulthood obesity itself is a predictor of adult obesity and of higher than expected adult morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to know the prevalence and determinants of obesity in college students of Vadodara and Patan city of Gujarat, India.Methods: The present cross sectional study was undertaken during April 2017 to March 2018 in randomly selected 5 Colleges of Vadodara city and Patan City of Gujarat. Total 1330 students between the age group of 18 to 23 years were examined and BMI were calculated. The prevalence of overweight and obesity were determined based on the International Obesity Task Force criteria. Various determinants of obesity and overweight were studied by interviewing students. Thus collected data was analyzed using SPSS 17 (Trial version).Results: Out of 1330 students, males were 49.6% Prevalence of obesity and overweight was 6.1% and 11.0% respectively. The prevalence of obesity and overweight was higher amongst less active group (6.5% and 13.4% respectively). Prevalence of obesity and overweight was significantly higher in the group of students who spent >2 hours daily in front of television or computers. The prevalence of obesity and overweight was significantly higher amongst group of students who took daily calories above recommended dietary allowance (21.5% and 22.8% respectively). The prevalence of obesity and overweight was significantly higher who took junk food (9.3% and 14.8% respectively).Conclusions: High prevalence of obesity and overweight in college students indicate an urgent need to increase awareness via education and motivation of all stakeholders.

Etiologies, Clinical Manifestations, and Factors Associated with Severe Symptomatic Hyponatremia among Hospitalized Hyponatremia Patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 103 (5) ◽  
pp. 465-471
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hospitalized Patients ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Present Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Important Health ◽  
Baseline Characteristics

Background: Hyponatremia is associated with unfavorable outcomes in many cases. The mainstay of hyponatremia treatment depends on its symptoms and etiology. However, etiologies, clinical manifestations, and factors associated with severe symptomatic hyponatremia have been rarely reported. Objective: To analyze and report etiologies, clinical manifestations, and factors associated with severe symptomatic hyponatremia. Materials and Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, the authors enrolled hospitalized patients with hyponatremia who had consulted a nephrologist between October 1, 2017, and October 31, 2018. Their baseline characteristics and clinical manifestations were recorded. Etiologies were confirmed by the attending nephrology staff. Factors associated with severe symptomatic hyponatremia were evaluated using logistic regression analysis. Results: One hundred patients were included in this study. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD), hypovolemia, and hydrochlorothiazide use were the leading hyponatremia etiologies. Hyponatremia etiologies differed between patients with community-acquired hyponatremia (n=50) and those with hospital-associated hyponatremia (n=50). Patients with communityacquired hyponatremia were older, presented with a higher frequency of severe symptomatic hyponatremia, and showed lower SNa-levels. Low SNa-levels were significantly associated with severe symptomatic hyponatremia (p=0.014). Conclusion: Hyponatremia remains an important health problem. SIAD, hypovolemia, and hydrochlorothiazide use are among the leading etiologies of hyponatremia. Low SNa-levels are associated with severe symptomatic hyponatremia; thus, physicians should pay close attention to low SNa-levels in hospitalized patients. Keywords: Hyponatremia, Symptomatic Hyponatremia, Community-acquired hyponatremia, Hospital-associated hyponatremia

scholarly journals Hypertension and its Relation with Waist to Hip Ratio in Women Referred to Bojnurd Urban Health Centers in 2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Hossein Lashkardoost ◽  
Fateme Hoseyni ◽  
Elham Rabbani ◽  
Farzane Q Moqadam ◽  
Leila Hosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Centers ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Waist To Hip Ratio ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Present Cross Sectional Study

Introduction: North Khorasan province has one of the highest rates of hypertension. One of the main causes of hypertension is obesity. Obesity is one of the most important public health problems around the world as a risk factor for non-communicable diseases. Since a similar study was not conducted in Bojnurd, we examined the relationship between waist to hip ratio with hypertension. Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted on women referring to Bojnurd health centers. To analyze the data, we used t-test, chi-square, multiple logistic regression and Pearson correlation in Stata 12 software. Results: In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of systolic blood pressure was 14.78% and diastolic blood pressure was 15.65%. So waist to the hips showed the highest correlation with the changes in hypertension. Conclusion: There are significant relationships between the age and the number of pregnancies with the risk of hypertension. Since a significant percentage of people are unaware of the existence of hypertension, changing diet and having regular physical activity along with social support is an important strategy.

scholarly journals Prenatal and Postnatal Hair Steroid Levels Predict Post-Partum Depression 12 Weeks after Delivery

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 1290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Jahangard ◽  
Thorsten Mikoteit ◽  
Saman Bahiraei ◽  
Mehrangiz Zamanibonab ◽  
Mohammad Haghighi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Partum ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hair Cortisol ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Post Partum Depression ◽  
Present Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Stress Responsivity ◽  
Time Point

Background: Within three to six months after delivery, 13%–19% of women suffer from post-partum depression (PPD), understood as a dysfunctional adaptation to the postpartum condition and motherhood. In the present cross-sectional study, we compared the hair steroid levels of women 12 weeks before and after delivery and with or without PPD. Method: The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted twelve weeks after delivery. At that time, 48 women (mean age: 25.9 years) with PPD and 50 healthy controls (mean age: 25.2 years) completed questionnaires on depressive symptoms. Further, at the same time point, 6 cm lengths of hair strands were taken, providing samples of hair steroids 12 weeks before and 12 weeks after delivery in order to analyze hair steroids (cortisol, cortisone, progesterone, testosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)). Results: Compared to those of women without PPD, hair steroid levels (cortisol, cortisone, progesterone) were significantly lower in women with PPD both before and after delivery. Lower prenatal cortisone and progesterone levels predicted higher depression scores 12 weeks after delivery. Lower prenatal levels of cortisol and progesterone and higher levels of DHEA, and postnatal lower levels of cortisol, cortisone, and progesterone, along with higher levels of DHEA predicted PPD-status with an accuracy of 98%. Conclusions: PPD is associated with blunted hair cortisol, cortisone, and progesterone secretions both pre- and postpartum. Such blunted steroid levels appear to reflect a stress responsivity that is less adaptive to acute and transient stressors. It follows that prenatally assessed low hair cortisol and progesterone levels, along with high DHEA levels, are reliable biomarkers of post-partum depression 12 weeks after delivery.

scholarly journals Reported Growth Following Mountaineering Expeditions: The Role of Personality and Perceived Stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 933-955 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Smith ◽  
F. Kinnafick ◽  
S. J. Cooley ◽  
G. M. Sandal
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Adjustment ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Present Cross Sectional Study ◽  
The Impact

Results from previous studies suggest that stressful environmental conditions such as those faced on expedition may result in psychological growth. Building on previous research, the present cross-sectional study examined the role of personality and perceived stress in relation to post-expedition growth. Eighty-three participants who had completed a mountaineering expedition responded to measures of stress, personality, growth, well-being, and resilience. Findings implicate perceived stress, and personality dimensions of agreeableness and openness, in post-expedition growth. Growth was associated with well-being but distinct from psychological resilience, highlighting the need to consider growth and resilience independently. Present findings support the proposition that stressful expedition environments may promote positive psychological adjustment and identify factors that may influence this change. Research is needed to delineate the impact of other variables, such as coping, on changes that occurs during the post-expedition phase. Such research holds relevance for maintaining health following immersion in extreme and unusual environments.

scholarly journals Obstacle Crossing During Gait in Children With Cerebral Palsy: Cross-Sectional Study With Kinematic Analysis of Dynamic Balance and Trunk Control

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1208-1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ailish Malone ◽  
Damien Kiernan ◽  
Helen French ◽  
Valerie Saunders ◽  
Timothy O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Typical Development ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Trunk Movement ◽  
Trunk Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Obstacle Crossing

Abstract Background Balance problems are common in children who have cerebral palsy (CP) but are active and ambulant. Control of the whole-body center of mass is critical in maintaining dynamic stability during challenging mobility tasks, such as clearing an obstacle while walking. Objective The objective of this study was to compare trunk and lower limb kinematics and center-of-mass control in children with CP and those in children with typical development during obstacle crossing. Design This was a cross-sectional study. Thirty-four children who were 5 to 17 years of age (17 with CP and 17 with typical development) and matched in age and height completed 2 gait trials involving crossing a 10-cm obstacle. Methods Three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data were captured with a general-purpose 3-dimensional motion tracking system and forceplates. Trunk data were captured with a validated model. Results All children cleared the obstacle with similar hip and knee kinematics, step length, and single-support duration. In children with CP, step width was increased by 4.81 cm, and center-of-mass velocity was significantly slower at lead limb toe-off (0.31 m/s) and during lead limb clearance (0.2 m/s). Children with CP showed altered trunk and pelvis movement, characterized by significantly greater pelvic obliquity, pelvic tilt, and trunk rotation throughout the task, increased lateral trunk lean during lead limb crossing (3.7°), and greater sagittal trunk movement as the trail limb crossed (5.1°). Limitations The study was not powered to analyze differences between children with diplegia and those with hemiplegia. Conclusions Children with CP required greater adjustments at the trunk and pelvis to achieve successful obstacle crossing. The increase in trunk movement could have been compensatory for reduced stability distally or for a primary problem reflecting poor proximal control. The findings suggest that rehabilitation should focus on both proximal trunk control and distal stability to improve balance.

Biomechanical maturation of foot joints in typically developing boys: Novel insight in mechanics and energetics from a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 244-250
Author(s):  
Kevin Deschamps ◽  
Maarten Eerdekens ◽  
Elegast Monbaliu ◽  
Gabriel Gijon ◽  
Filip Staes
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Foot Joints

scholarly journals Post COVID-19 Symptoms: A Neglected Domain

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-328
Author(s):  
Chhaya Mittal ◽  
Abhishek Mishra ◽  
Seema Jain ◽  
Neelam S Gautam
Keyword(s):  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Important Public Health Problem ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Present Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Patient Reported ◽  
Initial Recovery ◽  
Body Ache

Background: COVID -19 is the most important public health problem of recent time. Most people who have COVID-19 recovers completely within a few weeks but some people continue to have symptoms after initial recovery. Objective: To assess the prevalence of Post COVID symptoms, to assess requirement of treatment and to make recommendation for Post COVID care. Methods: Present cross sectional study was done among patients who recovered from COVID-19 in Meerut district. Mobile numbers of COVID patients were obtained from records, Total 100 randomly selected patients were contacted using google form and information regarding post covid symptoms in between 6 weeks to 12 weeks after recovery from COVID was obtained. Result: 87%patients developed one or more post covid symptoms. Weakness was reported to be most common problem (55%), followed by body ache (26%) and neuropsychiatric symptoms such as difficulty in concentration and insomnia (22%). Every fifth patient reported that symptoms persisted for more than 1 month. Though most of the respondents classified their symptoms as mild and moderate (52.5% and 37.9% respectively), 47% of the symptomatic patients have to take some treatment for these symptoms. Conclusion: Post COVID symptoms are common but usually less severe . Some form of treatment was required to deal with problem. Almost one in five patients reported that symptoms persisted for more than one month. The results highlight the need for post Covid care for COVID recovered patients.

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