scholarly journals Movement tracking of cognitive processes: A tutorial using mousetrap

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dirk U. Wulff ◽  
Pascal J. Kieslich ◽  
Felix Henninger ◽  
Jonas M B Haslbeck ◽  
Michael Schulte-Mecklenbeck
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Information Integration ◽  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Handheld Devices ◽  
Movement Tracking

Movement tracking is a novel process tracing method promising unique access to the temporal dynamics of cognitive processes. The method involves high-resolution tracking of the hand or handheld devices, e.g., a computer mouse, while they are used to make a choice. In contrast to other process tracing methods, which mostly focus on information acquisition, movement tracking focuses on the processes of information integration and preference formation. In this article, we present a tutorial to movement tracking of cognitive processes with the mousetrap R package. We will address all steps of the research process from design to interpretation, with a particular focus on data processing and analysis. Using a representative working example, we will demonstrate how the various steps of movement tracking analysis can be implemented with mousetrap and provide thorough explanations on their theoretical background and interpretation. Finally, we present a list of recommendations to assist researchers in addressing their own research question using movement tracking of cognitive processes.

The Science and Art of Interviewing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen Gerson ◽  
Sarah Damaske
Keyword(s):  
Social Research ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
The Social ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Hidden Patterns ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Depth Interviews

Qualitative interviewing is one of the most widely used methods in social research, but it is arguably the least well understood. To address that gap, this book offers a theoretically rigorous, empirically rich, and user-friendly set of strategies for conceiving and conducting interview-based research. Much more than a how-to manual, the book shows why depth interviewing is an indispensable method for discovering and explaining the social world—shedding light on the hidden patterns and dynamics that take place within institutions, social contexts, relationships, and individual experiences. It offers a step-by-step guide through every stage in the research process, from initially formulating a question to developing arguments and presenting the results. To do this, the book shows how to develop a research question, decide on and find an appropriate sample, construct an interview guide, conduct probing and theoretically focused interviews, and systematically analyze the complex material that depth interviews provide—all in the service of finding and presenting important new empirical discoveries and theoretical insights. The book also lays out the ever-present but rarely discussed challenges that interviewers routinely encounter and then presents grounded, thoughtful ways to respond to them. By addressing the most heated debates about the scientific status of qualitative methods, the book demonstrates how depth interviewing makes unique and essential contributions to the research enterprise. With an emphasis on the integral relationship between carefully crafted research and theory building, the book offers a compelling vision for what the “interviewing imagination” can and should be.

scholarly journals Enacting Feminist Methodologies in Research Toward Reproductive Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 160940692110161
Author(s):  
Krista Johnston ◽  
Christiana MacDougall
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Feminist Research ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Reproductive Justice ◽  
Design Data ◽  
Related Services ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Political Praxis

Reporting on the development of an ongoing qualitative research project with clients of midwifery care in New Brunswick, Canada, this article details the ways that methodology is complexly interwoven with political praxis. Working through the development of this project, this article models one way to enact politically engaged feminist research at each stage of the research process, from developing the research question, through research design, data collection, analysis, and theory generation. In the process, three core principles of feminist research methodologies are extended: co-construction of knowledge, researcher reflexivity, and reciprocal relationships in research. This research is caught up in and responds to a fraught political context where supports for reproductive healthcare are limited, and midwifery, abortion, and gender-affirming care are all framed as “fringe” services that exceed the austerity budget of the province. Participants engaged in this study with a clear understanding of this political terrain and approached interviews as an opportunity to share their experiences, and to advocate for the continuation and expansion of midwifery and related services in the province. Through the research process, it has become evident that midwifery must be understood as part of the struggle toward reproductive justice in this province. These reflections will direct further stages of the project, including ongoing research and dissemination.

scholarly journals Food Origin Traceability from a Consumer’s Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Walaszczyk ◽  
Barbara Galińska
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Food Product ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Product Packaging ◽  
Financial Status ◽  
Food Traceability ◽  
Product Features ◽  
The Subject

The awareness of food origin in the consumers’ perspective has gradually become more significant not only in reference to consumers from highly developed countries but also from emerging ones, which are already on their way from a developing to developed economy. The purpose of the paper is to answer the research question by verifying four hypotheses formulated in the research process. The research question is: "Do the variables which characterize consumers of food products in Poland, including gender, age, education and financial status, affect the aspects related to food traceability, such as identification of the producer, importance of food product features when shopping, importance of the information given on food product packaging and influence of the shopping place and frequency on tracing the food origin?" The paper presents the results, analysis, and conclusions from the study in reference to the four assumed hypotheses related to the above-mentioned research question. The study was carried out on a group of 500 consumers of food products in Poland. The study topic selection is justified by the assumed significance of tracing back a food product’s origin for a consumer who functions in a globalization-based economy; this was confirmed by the subject literature presented in the paper.

scholarly journals Co-Evolutionary Prospects in Tourism

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Valeri ◽  
Leslie Fadlon
Keyword(s):  
Research Question ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Competitive Advantages ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
International Tourist ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to verify whether the nature of the relationship between a tourist destination and tourist enterprises operating within its territory, can be defined as co-evolutionary. This paper derives from the continuation of previous researches of ours about the topic of destination management and destination governance. The theoretical background of this paper is based on the following research question: within the framework of the international tourist scenario, are there tourist hospitality models designed as a prototype of co-evolution between the tourist destination and its territory? In this paper, the analysis perspective which is considered the most appropriate to qualify the nature of the relationship among a given tourist destination and its tourist enterprises is the co-evolutionary perspective. According to such perspective, tourist enterprises co-evolve together with tourist destinations, while looking for long-term competitive advantages: tourist enterprises are considered critical resources to the development of the territory and vice versa. The co-evolutionary process implies the identification of a governance body able to exploit and enhance the systemic resources made available by the territory and to inspire the management approach of the different tourist enterprises. The absence of specific case studies represents a limit of the present paper. Hence, with a view to a subsequent future research, we will continue the proposed analysis by enriching it with empirical evidence, which will be useful to foster the debate on the subject matter and for the related entrepreneurial and management implications.

Using Action Research for Improvement of Project Knowledge Management in the Public Museum

2020 ◽  
pp. 123-144
Author(s):  
Kamila Brodzińska ◽  
Agnieszka Szostak ◽  
Beata Jałocha
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Management ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Public Institution ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Action Research Project ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys

This chapter aims at presenting the results of the research carried out as part of the action research project concerning knowledge management and knowledge sharing in a public institution. As a research subject, a public cultural institution in Poland was selected. The methods used during the implementation of the research include observations, interviews, questionnaire surveys, and document analysis. The chapter presents the course of the research process, a diagnosis of problems, and challenges of the institution under study as regards project knowledge management, analysis of results, and recommendations. The principal result of the study is the developed action plan that contains an overview description of the proposed change and suggestions for solutions for the diagnosed challenge. It also illustrated that action research is a research approach supporting project management processes in public organizations. The theoretical background for considerations undertaken in the work are the concepts of project knowledge management and sharing knowledge on the implemented projects.

scholarly journals Situating Creative Artifacts in Art and Design Research

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nithikul Nimkulrat
Keyword(s):  
Design Research ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Research Problem ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Process Art ◽  
Art And Design ◽  
Doctoral Research ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Knowledge Communication

This article aims to discuss the position of art and design artifacts, and their creation, in a practice-led research process.  Two creative productions and exhibitions featuring my textile artifacts were intentionally carried out in order to tackle a specific research problem, and these will be examined here as case studies.  These cases cover the production and exhibition of two sets of artworks, named Seeing Paper and Paper World, that were created as part of my completed doctoral research entitled Paperness: Expressive Material inTextile Art from an Artist’s Viewpoint. The study examined the relationship between a physical material and artistic expression in textile art and design.  Both cases exemplify the roles of creative productions and artifacts situated in the process of inquiry.  Throughout a practice-led research process, art and design artifacts can serve as inputs into knowledge production and as outputs for knowledge communication.  As inputs, both art productions and artifacts can be the starting point of a research project from which the research question is formulated.  They can also provide data for analysis from which knowledge is constructed.  Asoutputs, artifacts can indicate whether the research problem requires reformulation, demonstrate the experiential knowledge of the creative process, and strengthen the findings articulated in the written output.  Creative practice in a research context can contribute to generating or enhancing the knowledge which is embedded in the practice and embodied by the practitioner.  This knowledge or insight can be obtained from the artist creating the artifact, the artifact created, the process of making it, and the culture in which it is produced and viewed or used, all taking place at different stages of a research process.

scholarly journals Technologies, Discourse Analysis, and the Spoken Word: The MRC Approach: An Empirical Approach to Interpreter Performance Evaluation and Pedagogy

2009 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter P. Lindquist
Keyword(s):  
Performance Evaluation ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Theoretical Work ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Spoken Word ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Recent Developments

Abstract Given the evanescent quality of the spoken word, interpreters tend to be evaluated, trained, and selected on the basis of unproven theories and preconceptions about the cognitive processes and areas of difficulty associated with their work. A gap persists between theoretical work and empirical evidence of the processes proposed by such studies. Recent developments in technology are now being applied to interpreter performance evaluation, shedding light on aspects of interpreter performance that have previously resisted systematic analysis. It is now possible to examine large volumes of language in use, in both audio and textual realms. This paper presents the MRC model for analysis of interpreter performance and a study conducted using that method for the purpose of identifying interpreter training needs. Theoretical background, the MRC model, and the study outcomes and pedagogical implications are presented.

Functional fixation and the balanced scorecard

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Schauß ◽  
Bernhard Hirsch ◽  
Matthias Sohn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Balanced Scorecard ◽  
Management Accounting ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Process Tracing ◽  
Structural Modelling ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Financial Measures

Purpose – This paper aims to examine how balanced scorecard (BSC) users change their judgement processes according to qualitative changes in the BSC. Prior experimental studies have found that decision-makers do not fully adapt their judgements according to changes in financial reports, known as functional fixation. Although previous research has examined functional fixation in several management accounting-related disciplines, the research has not been completely successful in developing a deeper understanding of the cognitive processes that are responsible for the occurrence of this judgemental bias. Design/methodology/approach – To fill this gap, a combination of structural modelling and a process tracing method that monitors participants’ information acquisition to better understand the underlying cognitive processes that affect BSC users’ judgements is used. Findings – Overall, the results indicate that functional fixation is present both from an input–output (structural modelling) and a process tracing perspective. Stable general individual differences, particularly in terms of intuitive versus deliberative preferences in decision-making, influence the probability of functionally fixated behaviour. Additionally, previous findings concerning the over-reliance on financial information in the BSC setting is replicated. Using process data, it was found that BSC users rely more on financial measures than on non-financial measures in the pre-decisional phase of exercising their judgement. Originality/value – This paper contribute to management accounting research on the BSC by investigating two cognitive biases (functional fixation and overreliance on financial measures) from an input–output and a process tracing perspective.

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