Intrasexual and intersexual selection for neck musculature in men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Caton ◽  
David M. G. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Structure Study ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Contest Competition ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Damage Resistance ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Upper Trapezius ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Neck Musculature

Over 150 years ago, Darwin (1871) argued that humans evolved to inflict and resist damage in violent combat. Until now, however, no research has examined the claim that humans have evolved anatomical structures to both better inflict and resist damage in real-world agonistic exchanges. Human neck musculature has long been theoretically implicated in force output and concussion resistance capacities, and we proposed that human neck musculature evolved to increase damage resistance (knockout resistance) and damage infliction (knockout power) in real-world violent combat. Larger neck musculature was indeed associated with greater fighting success, knockout resistance, and knockout power capabilities across 715 professional combatants, after comprehensively controlling for weight, height, age, fighter's debut date, sex, reach, leg reach, and facial structure (Study 1). We then discovered that human neck musculature is one of the most sexually dimorphic human anatomical features, when compared against over 70 other human anatomical features (Study 2; N = 6000). We then found that human psychological systems have evolved to generate social perceptions in response to neck musculature. Men with greater physiological neck strength are perceived as stronger fighters (Study 3, after controlling for weight, height, age, beardedness, and torso, arm, bicep, and lower body strength). Study 4 specifically showed that men with larger sternocleidomastoid and upper trapezius muscles -- muscles implicated in damage resistance and infliction, respectively -- are perceived as more dominant (i.e., strong, masculine, anger-prone, and aggressive) and attractive (i.e., short and long-term attractiveness). Our results comprehensively demonstrate that human neck musculature evolved to increase resource-holding potential in violent combat, for which human psychological systems have consequently evolved an attraction. Given that human neck musculature is novel to the psychological and biological sciences, implications are discussed for the research areas of formidability assessment, contest competition, violence, face perception, emotion recognition, attraction and relationship research, political and organisational psychology, sports performance, and biomedical research.

Rule Generation Methods Based on Logic Synthesis

2011 ◽  
pp. 978-983
Author(s):  
Marco Muselli
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
Inductive Reasoning ◽  
Logic Synthesis ◽  
Rule Generation ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Real World Problem

One of the most relevant problems in artificial intelligence is allowing a synthetic device to perform inductive reasoning, i.e. to infer a set of rules consistent with a collection of data pertaining to a given real world problem. A variety of approaches, arising in different research areas such as statistics, machine learning, neural networks, etc., have been proposed during the last 50 years to deal with the problem of realizing inductive reasoning.

scholarly journals Human colour in mate choice and competition

2017 ◽  
Vol 372 (1724) ◽  
pp. 20160350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Rowland ◽  
Robert P. Burriss
Keyword(s):  
Practice Guidelines ◽  
Real World ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Skin Colour ◽  
Social Perceptions ◽  
Animal Coloration ◽  
Best Practice Guidelines ◽  
Apparent Colour ◽  
Perception Function

The colour of our skin and clothing affects how others perceive us and how we behave. Human skin colour varies conspicuously with genetic ancestry, but even subtle changes in skin colour due to diet, blood oxygenation and hormone levels influence social perceptions. In this review, we describe the theoretical and empirical frameworks in which human colour is researched. We explore how subtle skin colour differences relate to judgements of health and attractiveness. Also, because humans are one of the few organisms able to manipulate their apparent colour, we review how cosmetics and clothing are implicated in courtship and competition, both inside the laboratory and in the real world. Research on human colour is in its infancy compared with human psychophysics and colour research in non-human animals, and hence we present best-practice guidelines for methods and reporting, which we hope will improve the validity and reproducibility of studies on human coloration. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Animal coloration: production, perception, function and application’.

scholarly journals How muscles deal with real-world loads: the influence of length trajectory on muscle performance

1999 ◽  
Vol 202 (23) ◽  
pp. 3377-3385 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.L. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Velocity Profile ◽  
Real World ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
External Environment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Optimal Velocity ◽  
Level Running

The performance of skeletal muscles in vivo is determined by the feedback received when the muscle interacts with the external environment via various morphological structures. This interaction between the muscle and the ‘real-world load’ forces us to reconsider how muscles are adapted to suit their in vivo function. We must consider the co-evolution of the muscles and the morphological structures that ‘create’ the load in concert with the properties of the external environment. This complex set of interactions may limit muscle performance acutely and may also constrain the evolution of morphology and physiology. The performance of skeletal muscle is determined by the length trajectory during movement and the pattern of stimulation. Important features of the length trajectory include its amplitude, frequency, starting length and shape (velocity profile). Many of these parameters interact. For example, changing the velocity profile during shortening may change the optimum values of the other parameters. The length trajectory that maximizes performance depends on the task to be performed. During cyclical work, muscles benefit from using asymmetric cycles with longer shortening than lengthening phases. Modifying this ‘sawtooth’ cycle by increasing the velocity during shortening may further increase power by augmenting force output and speeding deactivation. In contrast, when accelerating an inertial load, as in jumping, the predicted ‘optimal’ velocity profile has two peak values, one early and one late in shortening. During level running at constant speed, muscles perform tasks other than producing work and power. Producing force to support the body weight is performed with nearly isometric contractions in some of the limb muscles of vertebrates. Muscles also play a key role in producing stability during running, and the intrinsic properties of the musculoskeletal system may be particularly important in stabilizing rapid running. Recently, muscles in running invertebrates and vertebrates have been described that routinely absorb large amounts of work during running. These muscles are hypothesized to play a key role in stability.

scholarly journals From Standard Summarization to New Tasks and Beyond: Summarization with Manifold Information

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shen Gao ◽  
Xiuying Chen ◽  
Zhaochun Ren ◽  
Dongyan Zhao ◽  
Rui Yan
Keyword(s):  
Real World ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Text Summarization ◽  
Plain Text ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Text Document ◽  
Real World Application ◽  
Academic Paper ◽  
Community Of Researchers

Text summarization is the research area aiming at creating a short and condensed version of the original document, which conveys the main idea of the document in a few words. This research topic has started to attract the attention of a large community of researchers, and it is nowadays counted as one of the most promising research areas. In general, text summarization algorithms aim at using a plain text document as input and then output a summary. However, in real-world applications, most of the data is not in a plain text format. Instead, there is much manifold information to be summarized, such as the summary for a web page based on a query in the search engine, extreme long document (e.g. academic paper), dialog history and so on. In this paper, we focus on the survey of these new summarization tasks and approaches in the real-world application.

Armed forces: Intrasexual selection for upper limb length in Homo sapiens

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neil Caton ◽  
David M. G. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Upper Limb ◽  
Lower Limb ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Limb Length ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Damage Resistance ◽  
Intrasexual Selection ◽  
Consistent Picture

Over 150 years ago, Darwin (1871) argued that humans had evolved to inflict and resist damage in violent combat. Until now, however, no research in human fighting ability has examined the anatomical structures that specifically contribute to damage resistance and infliction. Numerous taxa, however, have evolved physiological outgrowths (i.e., appendages) -- biologically categorised as animal weaponry -- to increase their damage infliction capacity, and humans' upper limb length have long been speculated, but never empirically examined, to contribute to this capacity. There have been four leading explanations for human upper limb length's place as an indicator of resource-holding potential, such that upper limb length contributes to: (1) striking accuracy (the striker hypothesis); (2) grappling accuracy (the grappler hypothesis); (3) defensive capabilities (the defender hypothesis); and (4) knockout power (the knockout hypothesis). In 715 professional combatants, we find exclusive support for the knockout hypothesis: upper limb length increases fighting success as mediated by increased knockout wins, after comprehensively controlling for weight, height, sex, fighter's debut date, age, facial structure, lower limb length, biacromial (shoulder) width, wins by submission and decision, and losses by submission, decision, and knockout (Study 1). In Studies 2-5, we then find that upper limb length (controlling for weight, height, and lower limb length) is sexually dimorphic across the globe: in professional combatants (Study 2), Croatian adolescents (Study 3), older Singaporean adults (Study 4), and 6,000 male and female United States logistics personnel born from over 110 countries statistically grouped into 7 distinct world regions (Africa, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and North, Central, and South America). Our results paint a comprehensive and consistent picture that upper limb length in Homo sapiens was shaped by intrasexual selection to generate force output in agonistic exchanges.

A Comprehensive Review of Professional Network Impact on Education and Career

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Calin Constantinov ◽  
Mihai L. Mocanu
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Real World ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Minimal Effect ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Professional Networks ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Professional Network

In their very beginnings, when social networks were solely used for leisure purposes, any action performed online had minimal effect on the real world lives of their members. This has very much changed in our modern world, where becoming an influencer on Instagram can substantially raise one's income, politics is done on Twitter, and an inappropriate video posted on YouTube can get one fired. Similarly, professional networks have changed the approach universities take to prepare their students, the mechanisms behind companies seeking expertise, and the way in which professionals land matching jobs. In the context of discussing the benefits and pitfalls of using such platforms, several points relating to data privacy are highlighted. Additionally, for a complete view of all analytics possibilities, a survey was conducted by looking over 24 research papers, summarising their findings, detailing the six generic research areas which were identified and speculating on what the future might hold.

Simultaneous Evolution of Network Architectures and Connection Weights in Artificial Neural Networks

2006 ◽  
pp. 28-42
Author(s):  
Ruhul A. Sarker ◽  
Hussein A. Abbass
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Multiobjective Optimization ◽  
Real World ◽  
Network Architectures ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
Multiobjective Algorithms ◽  
Simultaneous Evolution ◽  
Real World Problems

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have become popular among researchers and practitioners for modeling complex real-world problems. One of the latest research areas in this field is evolving ANNs. In this chapter, we investigate the simultaneous evolution of network architectures and connection weights in ANNs. In simultaneous evolution, we use the well-known concept of multiobjective optimization and subsequently evolutionary multiobjective algorithms to evolve ANNs. The results are promising when compared with the traditional ANN algorithms. It is expected that this methodology would provide better solutions to many applications of ANNs.

scholarly journals The 2016 Computational Analogy Workshop at ICCBR

AI Magazine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-92
Author(s):  
Joseph Blass ◽  
Tesca Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Incomplete Information ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Real World ◽  
Structural Alignment ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Related Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Case Based ◽  
Real World Problems

Computational analogy and case-based reasoning (CBR) are closely related research areas. Both employ prior cases to reason in complex situations with incomplete information. Analogy research often focuses on modeling human cognitive processes, the structural alignment between a base/source and target, and adaptation/abstraction of the analogical source content. While CBR research also deals with alignment and adaptation, the field tends to focus more on retrieval, case-base maintenance, and pragmatic solutions to real-world problems. However, despite their obvious overlap in research goals and approaches, cross communication and collaboration between these areas has been progressively diminishing. CBR and computational analogy researchers stand to benefit greatly from increased exposure to each other's work and greater cross-pollination of ideas. The objective of this workshop is to promote such communication by bringing together researchers from the two areas, to foster new collaborative endeavors, to stimulate new ideas and avoid reinventing old ones.

scholarly journals Video-Based Rope Skipping Repetition Counting with ResNet Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 25413-25419
Author(s):  
Xinxin Li ◽  
Jiawen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Real World ◽  
Important Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Repetition Number ◽  
The Given ◽  
Rope Skipping ◽  
Counting Algorithm

Video Repetition Counting is one of the important research areas in computer vision. It focuses on estimating the number of repeating actions. In this paper, we propose a method for video-based rope skipping repetition counting that combines the ResNet Model and a counting algorithm. Each frame in the given video is first classified into two categories: upward and downward, describing its current motion status. Then the classification sequence of the video is processed by a statistical counting algorithm to obtain the final repetition number. The experiments on real-world videos show the efficiency of our model.

Classification of Semantic Web Technologies

2011 ◽  
pp. 545-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui G. Pereira ◽  
Mário M. Freire
Keyword(s):  
World Wide Web ◽  
Semantic Web ◽  
Real World ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Semantic Web Technologies ◽  
Web Technologies ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
The Web

Semantic Web is the name of the next generation World Wide Web, that has been recently proposed by Tim Berners-Lee and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)1. In this new Web architecture, information and Web services will be easily understandable and usable by both humans and computers. The objective is not to make computers understand the human language, but to define a universal model for the expression of the information and a set of inference rules that machines can easily use in order to process and relate the information as if they really understood it (Berners-Lee, 1998). Though, as the current Web provided sharing of documents among previously incompatible computers, the Semantic Web intends to go beyond, allowing stovepipe systems, hardwired computers, and other devices to share contents embedded in different documents. The most known architecture for Semantic Web is based on a stack of related technologies, each one being a whole research area by itself (Berners-Lee, Hendler, & Lassila. 2001; Pereira & Freire, 2005). Accomplishment of the Semantic Web is considered a great challenge, not only due to the complexity of implementation but also because of the vast applicability in several areas. In spite of this, Semantic Web is still one of the most promising research areas among those which aim to define a new architecture for the Web. Semantic Web goes far beyond previous information retrieval and knowledge representation projects, presenting a non-centralized way to represent and contextualize real-world concepts, unambiguously, for several areas of knowledge. Semantic Web-enabled machines will handle information at our communication level. It is clear that the ability to interpret reality is still very primitive, however, Semantic Web points a way towards machine interaction and learning (Pereira et al., 2005). Semantic Web will integrate, interact with, and bring benefits to most human activities. Its full potential will go beyond the Web to real-world machines, providing increased interaction between machines and with humans—smarter phones, radios, and other electronic devices. Semantic Web will bring a different kind of approach in the understanding of reality by the machines and will constitute a mark in the evolution of human knowledge (Pereira et al., 2005).

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